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国家治理目标构成论

2017-09-04 04:20:54   中国青年网

从根本上说,国家治理的目标就是要让人民幸福、社会和谐、国家富强。人民的自由、民主和福利是人民幸福的保障;社会发展的多元化、自治化及相互宽容自律,是社会和谐的基础。那么,当讨论国家富强的时候,除了这些要素之外,还有哪些具体要素值得关注?

国际关系理论和国际社会格局演变的实践说明,规避国家风险,提升国家的综合竞争力,构成了各国行动的主要动机。国家之间(尤其是大国之间)为了国家利益而竞争,这种竞争可以归结为一场实力较量。从长远来看,这种较量实则是国家统一性、国家创新性、国家成本性、国家阻力性、国家风险性五个要素的比拼。由此不难得出结论:推动国家统一性、促进国家创新、降低国家成本、减少国家阻力、降低或规避国家风险,是国家治理在国家建设层面上的主要任务。基于此,我们可以进一步界定中国国家治理的目标。

推进国家统一性。众所周知,统一性是国家之善,而国家的统一性不仅包括主权和治权统一,还包括民权统一、规则统一、司法统一、市场统一等许多要素。中国要完成国家治理现代化的任务,必须逐一破解制约国家统一性发展的障碍。从中国的现实来看,制约国家统一性的制度性障碍主要来自社会福利的等级化体制,信息网络的孤岛化状态,国家资源的属地化和部门化管理,比如高速路的地方管理制度(收费站制度),空中交通的部门化管理制度,经济发展的属地化管理体制,公共环境的条块化管理体制等,这些制度应该成为国家治理改革的主要对象。

实现国家均等化。国家均等化表明国家发展成果在地域、人群分布的均衡程度,反映了国家的公平性和一致性。现代国家表现为发展水平、公共设施、公共服务在全国范围内不同地域的差异化较小。所以,要实现国家现代化就要推进国家的均等化发展,而国家发展的阻力较多来自于地区、城乡、人群之间在上述方面表现的结构性差距所带来的社会矛盾和利益冲突。要推进国家的均等化发展,中央政府必须有清醒的意识和足够的协调能力。今后,通过中央政府的组织手段和政策杠杆,来推进经济、公共服务和公共设施的均等化发展,仍然是长期性任务。

促进国家创新性。国家的创新性可以分解为知识创新性、技术创新性和管理创新性三个方面。知识创新性主要反映大学、科研院所的表现;技术创新性主要体现了企业和企业家的动机和能力;管理创新性则显示了政府等公共部门的管理和服务状况。如果以此为参照,中国在激活大学、科研院所、企业和公共部门的创新能力方面还有许多事情要做。

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