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南澳地方法院陪审团审判印象

2017-08-30 04:26:27   中国青年网

□ 张保生 (中国政法大学教授)

法官是法律的代言人,当然要有法律信仰。我猜米尔司迪德法官对这两位清代皇帝如此痴迷,一定对他们的执政理念和中国历史也了解不少。联想到在美国明尼苏达州最高法院大审判庭里看到的摩西和孔子的巨幅雕像,我感到法院作为人类理性的殿堂,表面上看是用本国或本地区的法律在与邪恶的犯罪作斗争,但实际上,正义的审判或争端解决所汲取的是人类文明的一切智慧成果。

法院文化还体现在人们对法官的尊重。不仅是法官每次走进法庭,都要全体起立(不包括陪审团成员,他们是法官入席后才进入法庭的);而且,检察官和辩护律师每次都要起立才能回答法官的问题,站到发言席上才能对证人进行询问或提出异议;证人、旁听者进入和离开法庭,都要向法官鞠躬;甚至每20分钟轮换一次看守被告人的法警,进入和离开法庭也都要例行向法官鞠躬。在法官面前,控辩双方的地位是平等的。这不仅表现在检察官和律师都居于法官之下,而彼此平起平坐;而且他们穿戴一样,律师和检察官的法袍、假发都是一样的,但与法官不同(法官的法袍有一条蓝色宽边,假发上则有一个圆顶)。谈到以审判为中心,中国法官包括一些著名大法官都会自我解说:“以审判为中心,不是以法院为中心,更不是以法官为中心”。这个表白其实似是而非。以审判为中心就是以法院为中心,这是《世界人权宣言》第十条和《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第十四条第一款明确规定了的,而我们从南澳地区法院看到,审判以法官为中心也是现代司法文明的集中体现。

值得注意的是,法官在陪审团审判中虽然应该是相对被动的,但米尔司迪德法官却经常向证人(包括被告人作为证人)发问,当然,大多数情况下,这种提问是在厘清检察官或辩护律师提出的问题,或者是让证人确认其证言的确切含义。事后和安德鲁教授提及此事,他说,法官在法庭上主动提问会给自己带来麻烦,可能会成为当事人上诉的理由。但我发现,由于米尔司迪德法官的发问并不是居高临下,所以并没有使任何一方感到不适,反而增强了庭审的连续性及和谐气氛。

法庭审判的柔声细语给我的印象也很深。无论是检察官、辩护律师还是法官,提问、辩论或发言的语气都很柔和,“讲事实,摆道理”,没有丝毫的火药味,或者剑拔弩张,即使是提出反对意见也是如此。在本案审判过程中,辩护律师对检察官的交叉询问一共提出过3次异议,但和我过去想象或者在一些电视剧里看到的高声“反对”不同,她只不过是从座位上站起身来轻声提出“反对”(objection),并说明理由。法官对律师的反对,也不是高声宣布“支持”或“驳回”,而是用探询或商量的口气问清异议的原因,并提出自己的观点。律师有两次异议虽然被法官驳回了,但法官都详细说明了驳回的理由,所以她都是静静地坐下来接受法官的裁定。

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