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美国乱象背后的“灰犀牛”(望海楼)

2017-08-30 03:11:27   中国青年网

美国夏洛茨维尔骚乱引发人们对美国种种乱象的关注。自从2007年美国次贷危机引爆国际金融危机,10年过去了,美国社会混乱甚至失序的现象仍然频发。这些现象背后涉及三大问题:种族歧视、贫富悬殊、政治极化。换言之,今天的美国乱象是各种矛盾的叠加,并非单一问题。

上述三大矛盾久已存在,并多次引发危机,在美国算是显性问题,堪称美国社会的“灰犀牛”。美国学者米歇尔·渥克用“灰犀牛”来比喻在经济金融领域大概率且影响巨大的潜在危机。很多时候人们尽管意识到风险存在,但未能积极有效应对潜在的危机。借用这一概念来描述美国上述社会问题还是比较贴切的。

种族歧视。50年前,一场种族骚乱横扫美国,多达百城陷入动荡,成为美国内战结束后“最接近爆发内战的危急时刻”。这一次夏洛茨维尔爆发10年来最大规模的白人至上主义者示威并引发骚乱,是美国不同肤色人群之间矛盾愈加激烈的最新表现。美国耶鲁大学历史学教授大卫·布莱特近日撰文指出,“美国内战就像美国历史上一条沉睡的巨龙,随时有可能出人意料地站起来,向我们喷出难以承受的烈焰”。

贫富悬殊。黑人争取了法律上的平等地位,但离真正的社会平等地位还有很长距离。民权运动领袖马丁·路德·金在50年前就意识到,在黑奴解放之后,黑人仍遭受种族歧视,绝大部分原因是经济不平等。一些美国学者整理的数据显示,美国社会的贫富两极分化正在进一步加剧,如今在财富和收入两方面的贫富差距,是上世纪30年代“大萧条”以来最大的。此外,2008年国际金融危机后,美国进入稳步复苏阶段,目前失业率降至危机前的水平,并且创下了新世纪以来的新低点,但大批低收入人群并没有“获得感”,“华尔街运动”的诉求也远没有得到满足。

政治极化。美国社会不平等引发了很多社会冲突,各种焦虑、愤怒转化为政治对立,政党政治又为此推波助澜,进而形成当前美国社会、经济和政治上的多重分裂,又相互交织的局面。其中,政治对立是美国社会矛盾的最高表现形式。

上述三大问题已成美国社会顽疾。按说,美国社会有很强的自我调节、自我平衡、自我痊愈能力,美国政治制度最初设计也是要避免走极端,美国文化崇尚自由、民主、平等和个人主义。但上述顽疾表明,美国社会、经济、政治三大体制运行机理出了问题,导致政治分裂、社会失序、制度失衡,形成了“进步的悖论”“民主的悖论”“自由的悖论”,各种矛盾叠加、交织。

从制度层面看,美国200多年前设计的三权分立、相互制衡、两党争相“坐庄”等政治架构,利弊皆现,时至今日则形成了对重大改革的掣肘,流于“重选举、轻执政”,越来越难以防止社会“灰犀牛”的出现。病来如山倒,病去如抽丝。人们相信美国制度仍具有很强的自我纠错、纠偏、更新能力,但或许需要的时间会很长,过程曲折,代价巨大。

林肯曾说过,欧洲、亚洲和非洲的所有军队都不会对美国构成“危险”,如果美国遭遇“危险”的话,这种“危险”只会来自美国内部。那么,美国正处于这样的“危险”边缘吗?

(作者为国际问题专家)

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