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防范“灰犀牛”式风险的攻坚战:出清“僵尸企业”

2017-08-29 09:01:28   中国经济网

《中国经济周刊》 记者 谢玮 徐豪 丨 北京报道

中国目前有多少“僵尸企业”?

要回答这一问题并不容易,据中国人民大学相关课题组的研究,目前全国工业部门中“僵尸企业”数量约占工业企业总数的7.51%。分所有制进行统计,国有和集体企业中“僵尸企业”的比例最高。

“僵尸企业”的存在不仅会使其所在行业供求关系进一步失衡,导致产品价格下跌,进而拖累整个行业,另一方面,“僵尸企业”高企的负债率也会占据社会大量的金融资源,并推升金融风险概率的上升。

因此,处置“僵尸企业”不仅为视为“去产能”的关键,也被认为是“降杠杆”的重要抓手,而“国有企业高杠杆”正是当前防范和化解金融风险时面临的一只“灰犀牛”。

出清“僵尸企业”势在必行,从中央到地方,一场处置“僵尸企业”的战役已经打响,但其过程却难言轻松。

处置过程不仅面临着人员安置的问题,更重要的是,一些“僵尸企业”已与地方政府形成“合谋”,甚至形成对地方政府的“绑架”。扭曲的政绩观、对处置“僵尸企业”“不良后果”的担心,种种因素造成部分地方政府的处置动力仍然不足。

大数据画像“僵尸企业”现状

“僵尸企业”有多少?谁是“僵尸企业”?

“按照目前的标准,‘僵尸企业’指那些连续亏损3年以上,主要靠银行贷款或政府补贴输血支撑,长期债务严重、入不敷出的企业。另外,‘僵尸企业’还有一个特点:难以顺利从产业内退出,不符合产能结构调整方向。”中国企业研究院首席研究员李锦告诉《中国经济周刊》记者。

2015年12月9日,国务院常务会议曾提出,加强分类指导,对不符合国家能耗、环保、质量、安全等标准和长期亏损的产能过剩行业企业实行关停并转或剥离重组,对持续亏损3年以上且不符合结构调整方向的企业采取资产重组、产权转让、关闭破产等方式予以“出清”,清理处置“僵尸企业”。

此后,持续亏损3年以上、不符合结构调整方向便被外界视为“僵尸企业”的认定标准。

那么,这样的企业有多少?2016年7月,中国人民大学国家发展与战略研究院发布《中国僵尸企业研究报告——现状、原因和对策》(下称“报告”)。

该报告课题组负责人聂辉华向《中国经济周刊》记者介绍,2005—2013年间,全国工业部门中僵尸企业数量约占工业企业总数的7.51%。按企业规模所做的不完全统计,大型、中型和小型企业中“僵尸企业”数量分别约1万家、5万家和13万家。

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