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“经济学家抓大象”笑话的背后
2017-08-28 04:21:52 中国青年网
钱颖一
我在《经济学原理》第一堂课上总喜欢讲一个笑话。有一次我遇到一位毕业多年的校友,她对我讲的《经济学原理》课的许多内容都不记得了,但印象深刻的就是我讲的这个笑话。笑话是这样的:目标是要去南非抓一头大象。找了三个人,一个是学数学的,一个是学计算机的,一个是学经济学的。学数学的人做的第一件事是要证明南非至少存在一头大象。当然,如果南非没有大象,为什么要去抓呢?但这种做法确实体现了搞数学的人的严谨性。学计算机工程的人非常实在,立马就去了南非。他编制了一个非常好的程序,从好望角开始,往北走50米停下来,画一个半径为50米的半圆,抓住这里面所有四条腿的动物,与他电脑里的大象图做比较,误差在一定范围之内就把它叫作大象。没有找到的话就继续前行。这就是搞工程的人的实干性。轮到经济学家了,他用什么办法去抓大象呢?经济学家说,我既不去证明是否存在大象,也不用那么远跑去南非,因为我相信,只要我把价格定得足够高,不用去抓,大象自己就跑来了。我觉得这位学生能够记住这个笑话也不错,因为她至少明白了“人们对激励作出反应”这个经济学的基本原理。当然,这里作出反应的不是人,而是大象,所以才是一个笑话。
经济学原理很多,人们对激励作出反应,是其中一个基本的原理,这个原理有一定的针对性,也与理解中国经济直接相关。比如,当你想到环保问题的时候,除了技术问题之外,你也要想一想价格在里面起什么作用,这是很重要的思路。
人们对激励作出反应的内容极其丰富。激励,俗话说就是积极性。当然这种积极性其实只是激励的一种,是正激励,此外还有负激励,就是惩罚,这是人们试图避免的。
人对激励作出反应至少有三种渠道。第一,人们对价格作出反应:价格上升,愿意多卖东西;价格下降,愿意多买东西。这就是通常的供给曲线随价格上升而上升,通常的需求曲线随价格上升而下降。基于对价格的激励反应,就有了供给曲线的分析框架。第二,人们对竞争的反应。著名经济学家希克斯(John Hicks)说过,垄断的最大好处是安逸的生活。而竞争给人压力。在有竞争和没有竞争的环境中,一个人或企业做的事情是不一样的,这就是竞争带来的激励。市场经济的一大好处就是竞争。竞争改变人的激励,没有竞争,人就缺少动力做事情。第三,除了价格因素、竞争因素之外,人们对产权、契约、制度规则作出反应,这就是制度经济学经常强调的非价格因素,这在中国的经济改革中非常突显。
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