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困境中的“研修生”

2017-08-25 08:37:17   中国青年网

在早期的实际运作中,研修生的派遣方往往是所在国政府、日本独资或合资公司,接收方是日本政府或派遣方的日本母公司;研修生通常待遇较好,学有所得。但现在的派遣方和接收方范围均已扩大,派遣方包括私营企业,接收方包括日本农户、水产加工企业和建筑公司等。在此过程中,派、收两方都有中介机构参与其中,研修生有时甚至不能直接与接收方签合同,所谓的“研修”早已名不副实,事实上成为了一种赴日打工的渠道。

由于劳动力缺乏,用人成本高涨,当前很多研修生项目的日本接收方属于简单劳动性质行业,如低端制造业、农产品粗加工、衣服缝制等。这些行业本就利润微薄,接收方往往又是规模较小、对用人成本非常敏感的日本国内小企业。尽管法律规定研修生享有与日本国民同工同酬的待遇,但其实绝大部分接收企业都是以政府规定的最低工资标准为研修生发放工资。在这样的企业中“研修”,研修生不仅学不到所谓的高技能,反而在事实上沦为弥补日本劳动力不足的廉价劳工。有日本媒体此前将研修生在日从事的工作归纳为“3K”——危险(kiken)、肮脏(kitanai)、吃力(kitsui)。

除了“研修”无其实,收入打折扣外,研修生的身心健康状况也令人担忧。日本媒体曾经报道,长野县某工厂内的中国研修生们被要求超长时间劳动,而居住地卫生保暖等条件极其恶劣。

日本共同社日前援引该国法务省消息称,2016年日本有239家研修生接纳机构涉嫌妨碍研修生制度的妥善实施,其中拖欠工资等违反劳动相关法令的情况多达134起。日本厚生劳动省2016年8月公布的数据显示,在2015年被调查的5173家雇用外国研修生的日本企业中,高达7成违反劳动基准法或劳动安全卫生法等法律。

缝缝补补? 推倒重来!

近年来,对于日益蜕变为不公平用工制度的研修生制度,国际社会以及日本国内都出现了不少的批评声。联合国人权理事会专家曾专程访日针对该制度进行调查,最后得出了该制度应该废止,同时转换成为正规雇佣制度的结论。

在日本国内,2013年6月,日本律师协会曾向政府提交了一份尽早废除研修生制度的意见书。此外,日本国家公务员劳动组合联合会也曾向政府提出,应早日确立合理的外国人劳动政策来替换研修生制度。札幌律师会的律师猪野亨直言,低工资、长时间劳动,这是借劳动之名的奴隶待遇,是伪装成合法的现代奴隶劳动制。

在各方压力下,日本去年年底出台了旨在改善研修生待遇、加强对接纳方企业监管的《外国人技能实习制度规范化法案》,法务省和厚生劳动省也于今年1月设立了“外国人技能实习机构”,监督雇佣研修生的企业,改善研修生人权受侵害的现状。

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