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网络文学不可止步于“爽点”

2017-08-25 04:16:51   中国青年网

【网络文艺观察】

网络文学是当代文化景观中不可回避的一道风景,一方面释放出了巨大的文化产能,使得互联网产业在文化领域中发挥了重要的效能。同时,也使得网络作家和众多的文学写手获得了职业上的归属。作为一个新型的职业和已经发展起来的行业,已经得到了越来越广泛的认可。

不过,有声音认为资本控制着网络文学话语权,简单地将网络文学等同于大网站。其实,这是一种误判。网络文学也是百花齐放,并不因为花香花大就无视其他花草的存在。客观上说,资本在网络发展过程中起到了举足轻重的作用,但网络文学的主体不是资本而是“人”。在内容上网络作家已经进入到另一种宏大的历史、文化叙事中,如果简单地认为网络作家都是“目不识丁”的莽汉,似乎陷入“掩耳盗铃”的误区。这是网络文学发生的新现象,势必出现新的格局。

传统文学在本质属性上强调审美、教育等核心功能。传统文学的本质即文化的文学观念、审美的文学观念和惯例的文学观念。在童庆炳先生看来,这种除了广义文学与狭义文学之外的惯例文学指的就是某种新文体、边缘文体或实验文体。我认为,按照传统文学观念,网络文学当属第三种文学即惯例文学观念。

网络文学属性里的文学性、类型化在传统文学中都不是抽象存在的。由传播技术和社交软件主导下的“对话性”和“社交性”,这才是网络文学区别于传统文学属性和功能的核心所在。

网络文学开启了大众写作的热潮,也在改变着当代文学创作的版图。特别是网络文学潜在的“对话性”,既是区别传统文学的根本所在,也是网络文学成为新经济形态的主要引擎。有论者认为,互联网平台的在线性和及时性使得这样的对话更为便捷和真实。如果说传统文学中的“对话关系”是带有系统性的逻辑思维特征,而网络文学则更为直观、直接和纯粹。这是传统文学所不具备的。

有批评者认为网络文学质量不高,无法被文学吸纳。从整体性而言,文学是一个时期内的文化观照者。网络文学固然存在事实价值领先审美价值的现实,甚至事实价值取代审美价值,但这不是考量网络文学能不能被文学接纳的关键。也就是所谓的“享受”让位于“快乐”原则,就据此作为不该被接纳的证明。在我看来,网络文学具有较强的吸收与矫正功能,它正在与传统文学形成互融,这是当代文学发生的新现象。

网络文学逐渐被学院化是一个重要的里程碑,必将开启网络文学新的创作形态与新的创作方式。在尊重基本艺术规律的同时,遵循网络文学的发展规律,对网络文学内容生产进行必要的训练与引导,各类机构大面积的网络文学作者培训也是一种有益补充。新的文化业态在新制度的催生之下不断完善自身的成长机制,共同促使网络文学得到不断的优化。因为,止步于“爽点”不是网络文学的最终归属。

网络文学的问题是显而易见的,但这样的问题仍旧在文学的自身之内,业界对此也有比较清醒的认识,应该虚心接受来自文学内部的批评。同时,也在接受社会的监督。特别是对于有建树意识的网络作家而言,他们也有自我修复的迫切愿望。这是网络文学走向自觉的一个新阶段。任何对网络文学文本低劣的指责或是前途的唱衰和焦虑,都是对网络文学的误读,甚至就是误解。网络文学需要学界的包容与正视,这既是一种学术上的关怀,也是对中国民间文学实践的一种尊重。

(吴长青)

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