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儿童文学:文学性与市场性统一(文学聚焦·儿童文学系列之三)

2017-08-23 06:22:01   中国青年网

关于中国儿童文学一直有个“黄金十年”的说法,一般认为从2005年开始的近10年间,少儿图书市场以年均10%的增幅增长,其中儿童文学的比重不断扩大,到2015年已占据超过40%的图书份额。因此,儿童文学的黄金十年又被认为是儿童文学出版的黄金十年。

2015年以来,从出版界到文学界,都在指出儿童文学原创存在的问题,并且纷纷提出改进的思路。在上一个黄金十年打开了儿童文学的阅读市场后,中国儿童文学界正在努力提升服务质量,推出文学性与市场性俱佳的精品。

儿童文学作家须有童心、诗心和爱心

文学性与市场性的统一应该是儿童文学的内在要求,这也是儿童文学区别于其他文学门类的特点之一。文学的价值只有被阅读后才能真正生成,而儿童文学面对的是少年儿童这个特殊的阅读群体,比其他文学门类的作品更加渴望被阅读、被讨论,儿童文学作品天然地具有吸引小读者、贴近小读者的合目的性。因而,市场反应,即小读者是否喜爱,从一开始就是评价儿童文学作品的标准之一。可以说,优秀的儿童文学作品是读者和写作者共同创作的,因为写作者在创作的过程中总会有一个想象中的读者的存在,而作品完成后,写作者也往往会很在意小读者的阅读体验和对作品的评价,并以此来判断作品是否成功。

我们所熟悉的很多中国儿童文学经典,比如金波、高洪波的儿童诗,严文井、孙幼军的童话,曹文轩、张之路的小说等等,都是文学性和市场性俱佳的代表,既有文学的隽永和意味,又得到了广大小读者的喜爱,这些作品影响着一代代中国少年儿童。正如高洪波总结的,能够成为儿童文学作家,须具有三心:童心、诗心和爱心。儿童文学作家们为了保持童心,都愿意与孩子们交流交往,都以能够与小读者们心心相印、顺畅交流为荣,会自觉不自觉地把创作基调定在温暖明亮、积极向上、求真向善等有益于儿童的方面,而对于那些灰暗的、悲伤的、负面的东西,作家们会格外小心地作艺术的处理,让这些人生中必须经历的事情能够以一种恰当的方式让儿童知晓、体验。彭学军的小说《浮桥边的汤木》、汤汤的童话《一只小鸡去天国》都是用有趣而富有美感的方式带领孩子认识死亡这一可怕又不可避免的事物。

儿童文学的创作和出版既然是市场行为,就会有趋利性,就会出现一些不符合儿童文学标准的“残次品”。对于这类作品,大家都有基本的判断能力。难点在于那些为了追求市场而降低文学品质的作品,或者用一些似是而非的东西包装出来的类似“心灵鸡汤”一样的作品,还有那些貌似充满童心童趣,却是过分迎合小读者的那些简单需求而没有任何营养的“消遣品”。这样的东西虽然也有存在的合理性,但这类型的东西多了,势必会抢占小读者们的时间和精力,更会让家长和读者对原创儿童文学失去信心,进而影响整个市场的发展。

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