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英国的脱欧、社会分裂与底层文学
2017-08-23 04:21:55 中国青年网
雪莱 资料图片
托尼·哈里森 资料图片
【深度解读】
“脱欧”似乎已经成为英国的一个骑虎难下的事情,与欧盟的谈判在脱欧费、北爱尔兰边界和双方的公民权利等问题上都陷入了僵局。2016年脱欧派以微弱优势获得胜利,但是随着“脱欧”的困难逐渐凸显,有些人甚至希望有后悔药可以吞下。如果从地域和社会阶层分析来看,“脱欧”显示了英国社会深层次的“分裂”:英格兰和威尔士选择了脱欧,苏格兰和北爱尔兰选择了留欧。在英格兰,伦敦选择了留欧,在伦敦的金融核心区,选择留欧的人数更是高达80%。根据民调,在拥有大学以上文凭的人中,70%选择留欧,在只有中学文凭的人中,68%选择脱欧。这说明“脱欧”是社会底层的呼声,是一种来自底层的抗议。
一
英国底层抗议的历史可以追溯到英国资本主义的鼎盛时期。19世纪英国工业的高速发展显然是建立在不公正的分配模式上的。1845年,恩格斯在英国调研两年之后,出版了《英国工人阶级状况》。他所分析的工人生活状况日益恶化,各种劳资矛盾不断涌现,罢工和毁坏机器的工人运动此起彼伏的状况在英国文学中也有所反映。除了狄更斯等人对童工的描写以外,雪莱在《1819年的英国》(England in 1819)一诗中,把英国描绘成欧洲最腐朽的国家:国王昏聩,朝政腐败,人民生活在水深火热之中。军队绞杀自由,法律拜金嗜血,宗教是一本闭阖的书。最重要的是,雪莱把英国统治阶级描写成吮吸劳动人民鲜血的蚂蟥:他们叮在人民的身上,贪得无厌地吮吸,直到暴食而亡,从人民的身体上坠落。
1849年,在欧洲大革命失败之后,马克思也来到了英国,对英国资本主义制度进行了调研。他关于英国工人阶级状况的著述,似乎在雪莱的作品中得到了印证。雪莱在《给英国人民的歌》(Song to the Men of England)中号召英国的劳动人民拒绝将自己的劳动果实交给统治阶级享用:“英国人民啊,何必为地主而耕?/他们一直把你们当作贱种。”(查良铮译)他号召劳动人民拿起自己制造的武器,保卫自己的劳动果实。“播种吧,不要让暴君搜刮!纺织吧,可别为别人织锦衣!”
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