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看清美国巨额贸易逆差的实质

2017-08-24 17:06:26   中国经济网

当地时间8月18日,美国宣布对华启动301调查。这种单边主义、保护主义的做法不仅引起了中方的不满和抗议,也势必给中美经贸关系的正常发展造成损害。近年来,美国多次提出要削减不断高企的对外贸易逆差,此次对华挥舞“301大棒”也是从这一立场出发。不过需要看到的是,决定美国巨额贸易逆差的最关键因素仍是美国自身的经济结构。

从美国自身的经济结构看,美国巨额贸易逆差的产生是利用别国剩余储蓄,来维持其超出其自身生产能力的消费水平的必然结果。20世纪60年代后,美国在第三次科技革命的背景下,对其国内产业结构进行重大调整,将钢铁、纺织等传统产业逐步外移,在国内主要致力于集成电路、精密机械、精细化工等资本和技术密集型产业的发展,逐步形成以服务业为主,低储蓄、高消费的经济格局。这种格局表现为美国国内总需求大于总供给,美国又不断利用美元的国际“硬通货”地位弥补其国内生产不足,最终产生成巨额贸易逆差。

从国际分工的历史和现实看,贸易顺差和逆差更多反映的是各国工业化进程的阶段性特征和全球产业布局,而非如美国一些人宣扬的那样是人为因素造成的。比如,从历史上看,美国、德国、日本等国在工业化阶段曾长期保持着顺差。统计数据显示,美国在从1874-1970年的97年里,有93年保持顺差;德国从1880-2016年有统计的137年中,有84年是顺差;日本从1981-2010年连续30年顺差。与之相比,中国外贸只是从20世纪90年代开始,才逐渐由持续逆差转为顺差,这是中国走新型工业化道路后客观规律作用的结果。

不仅如此,中国目前的贸易顺差中,有很大一部分从日、韩等东亚发达经济体对美贸易顺差转移而来。中国商务部今年发布的一份报告专门指出,美对华贸易逆差占美国逆差总额的比重从2001年的20%升至2016年的47%,但同期美国对日本、韩国、中国香港和中国台湾贸易逆差占比从23%降至11%。

从全球价值链来看,贸易顺差反映在中国,但利益顺差在美国。据中方统计,中国货物贸易顺差的59%来自外资企业,61%来自加工贸易。中国从加工贸易中只赚取少量加工费,而美国从设计、零部件供应、营销等环节获益巨大。最典型的例子当属苹果手机的利润分成。商务部报告援引第三方机构调查显示,一台iPhone7最低售价649美元,总成本大约为237.45美元,中国企业加工和提供电池总共获得8.5美元,而美国企业仅在提供核心元器件一项上就获得64美元。美国的贸易统计制度规定,将原产地定为组装并出口最终产品的国家,这就导致了没有一个关键零部件在中国生产,但在中国组装的产品都记在中国出口账上的怪现象。如果挤掉这些发达经济体生产的高附加值零部件“水分”,中国对美贸易顺差可能减少40%左右。

从就业情况看,虽然特朗普政府一再强调贸易逆差夺走了美国制造业的就业岗位,但实情并非如此。美国商务部报告显示,美国就业岗位流失在北美自贸协定生效和中国加入世贸组织前就已开始。据美方统计,2010-2016年,美失业率逐年下降,从9.6%降至4.9%,总体货物贸易逆差却从6909亿上升到7967亿美元。贸易逆差与美国制造业就业岗位减少并没有直接关联。

世界各国经贸合作是经济全球化背景下、国际产业分工、资源优化配置的必然结果。尽管美国存在巨大的贸易逆差,但美国居于全球价值链的中高端,又拥有强势货币,可以从其他国家进口大量质优价廉的产品来维持较低通胀率,促进经济转型升级和增长。来自国外的价廉物美的产品提高了美国民众实际购买力,提高了底层民众的福利。对美国而言,这是占便宜,而不是吃亏。(郭言)

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