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光伏扶贫如何保证高品质

2017-08-24 05:27:16   中国青年网

作为扶贫工作的一种新途径,光伏扶贫在全国各地尚处在初期发展的阶段,其中存在的问题也无法回避。特别是,最近两年里频发的光伏扶贫电站的质量问题,如低价中标、选择低价劣质产品所带来的行业隐患等问题,严重影响了光伏扶贫产业的健康发展,已引起行业及相关管理部门的深度关注。

2016年初,国内某权威第三方机构对某省8个区县的光伏扶贫工程展开了一次专业的质量检查,结果显示:39个样本电站中,效率处于较好水平的仅为六成左右。不同电站的性能水平存在较大差异,少量电站的PR值低于60%,经测算收益水平远低于合理的收益率。部分电站施工质量较差、设备质量较差,以及在安全性能、施工质量、运行和维护等方面均存在不同程度的问题。

诸如在设计和施工方面存在:组件最佳安装角度、支架选择比较杂、基础设计随意性较强、项目施工偏差较大、项目配重不足、项目施工精度较差等方面的问题。

河北扶贫项目的一份调研报告也显示,部分电站在设备质量、施工质量方面存在着诸多隐患,比如逆变器由于风扇故障,造成停机;部分区域农网电能质量较差,逆变器设备频繁跳闸脱网,无人处理,农民的收益得不到稳定的保障。

对此,行业专家的建议可归纳为四点:第一,电站建设一定要做好前期准备工作,特别是电站站址的选择和统筹。第二,要进一步严格承建单位和光伏扶贫的准入条件,强化技术评审和管理。第三,建立行业标准,严格要求扶贫电站设备造型,选择行业内一线品牌,从源头保证电站25年的安全可靠运行。第四,针对多数扶贫电站容量小、对工程和设备质量确保敏感度高的特点,可按区域建立统一的集控系统和运维管理制度,进一步规范运维、提高运维质量。

建设光伏扶贫项目只有选择有质量保障、长期经营能力、信誉品牌良好、售后服务完善的合作伙伴,才能真正持续地为老百姓创造稳定收益。不能仅仅以“低价”为导向,为了降低成本,选劣质的、不负责任的厂家的产品以次充好,最终把利国利民的好工程,做成豆腐渣工程。

可以预期,“以最低价中标”为导向,必然会成为不少企业,乃至整个光伏行业未来发展的“不可承受之重”。畸形的价格折射出畸形的供求关系、产业环境和信用缺失。如果低价竞标仍然持续,可以预见一些问题将集中爆发。

其一,电站寿命急剧下降:低价竞标首先受影响的就是电站质量和寿命,业主也必将为项目的“失利”背上难以卸下的包袱。尽管目前电站问题还未集中爆发,但一些负面影响已经显现。据内部人士透露,没有企业愿意赔本做工程,因此只好通过单纯的偷工减料去降设备的成本,甚至会用一些质量比较差的组件和逆变器。

其二,最低价中标迫使政府和企业之间、企业和企业之间罔顾契约精神,光伏产业各路上下游企业无法对研发创新产生兴趣,只能挣扎着活在当下。

同时,以最低价中标必然带来良者退出和劣者胡来的困局。“最低价中标”如果仅考虑价格,而不考虑投标者的信用、有质量保障的商品或服务的合理成本和利润,不考虑后续的履约和售后,那么最低价中标就可能导致光伏市场秩序“癌变”。

光伏扶贫惠及百万贫困户,肯定是件好事。扶贫本就是件公益事业,更要做成良心工程,千万不要做成呼啦一阵风吹过,电站建了,厂家领钱了,后面没人管了。我们呼吁光伏行业及相关管理部门,能够从产业初心以及管理制度、标准等层面推动光伏扶贫产业的健康发展。

(作者分别为中国可再生能源学会原理事长、国家发展和改革委员会能源研究所研究员)

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