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在历史脉动中把握监察体制改革的逻辑

2017-08-23 09:48:36   中国青年网

走进历史,能更好地理解现实。在国家监察体制改革试点工作进展顺利并取得重要经验之时,回望中华民族延续两千多年的监察历史特别是新中国成立以来国家监察制度的历史演进,能更好地把握当前监察体制改革的逻辑。就此,记者采访了长期研究我国监察制度历史演进的南开大学马克思主义学院院长、廉政研究中心研究员纪亚光教授。

1 此次改革要设立的各级监察委员会,由人大选举产生,并代表党和国家行使监察权,国家监察由此成为国家权力结构中一个重要的组成部分。

记者:新中国成立以来,适应不同历史阶段形势的需要,国家行政监察制度建设在曲折中不断前行。与这段历史演进相比,今天的国家监察体制改革呈现哪些新特点?

纪亚光:中国自古即高度重视监察制度的建设,留下了丰富的历史经验。新中国成立后,我们以马克思关于无产阶级革命政党的党内监督思想为指导,吸收中国传统监察思想的精髓,构建出既有别于中国传统以维护皇权为核心的集权型监察机制,又与西方“三权分立”下监察隶属于立法或行政机构的模式明显不同的中国特色监察制度体系。国家行政监察制度是这一制度体系中的重要一环,先后经历20世纪50年代初步构建、80年代恢复、90年代起监察部门与纪律检查委员会合署办公三个发展阶段。

现实无法隔断与历史的联系,但又总是在历史基础上的升华。与过去国家行政监察制度的发展相比,这次国家监察体制改革是在全面从严治党新形势和推进国家治理体系与治理能力现代化新背景下进行的,是事关全局的重大政治体制改革,旨在构建集中统一、权威高效的监察体系。

一是国家监察机关的地位提升到前所未有的高度。一直以来,我国国家行政监察机关都是隶属于政府、维护政纪的职能部门。1949年10月人民监察委员会成立时,隶属于政务院;1954年9月成立国务院,原政务院人民监察委员会改为国务院监察部;1986年12月恢复并确立国家行政监察体制时,设立监察部,隶属于国务院。而此次改革要设立的各级监察委员会,由人大选举产生,并代表党和国家行使监察权,国家监察由此成为国家权力结构中一个重要的组成部分。

二是实现对所有行使公权力的公职人员监察全覆盖。国家监察是监督公权力运行的重要方式,其监督的范围直接关乎党的执政能力和治国理政科学化水平。但新中国成立以来,我国行政监察制度始终没有解决好“监督全覆盖”的问题。即便1993年中央纪委、监察部合署办公后,在实际运行中也依然存在监督盲区。而这次改革是国家监督制度的重大顶层设计,将深度整合反腐败资源力量,健全国家监察组织架构,形成全面覆盖所有行使公权力的公职人员的国家监察体系,实现既“用纪律管全党”、又“用法律管全体”,进一步巩固和扩大反腐败斗争取得的成果。

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