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自由是“空心病”的最佳疗法

2017-08-23 05:41:59   中国青年网

《尼尔,尼尔,橘子皮》

[英] A.S.尼尔著 沈湘秦译

北京师范大学出版社

大学生“空心病”的讨论曾经热闹了一阵子。我不是学者,对此问题缺乏研究,但我有一个直觉:所谓的“空心病”,其成因大概多少和自主性发展受阻有关——心理学家弗洛姆曾说:“放弃自发性和个性,其结果是生命受阻。从心理角度讲,尽管人仍是个活生生的生物体,但他已经成了一个机器人,在情感和心智上已经死亡。”

人是具有自我意识的动物。因此,人的成长不仅是外在变化的过程,也是一个内在自我形成的过程。从吃喝拉撒都要别人照料的婴儿,到能自立于世的成人,人必须逐渐建立起对自己的真切信任,建立起与这个世界的联结,从而获得自我价值感和生命意义感。这二感乃是让人乐意活着的无形支柱。

然而,这二感是无法在被动生活中生成的。缺少自发性的活动和自主的空间,生活着却没有机会参与生活,也能长成大人,甚至长成令大人骄傲的大人,可终有一天这样的问题会从天而降:“我到底是谁?”“我过的是谁的生活?”

这样的提问可以看作是自我觉醒的开始,但可怕的是,一直被规定、被教育、“被生活”的人,往往惊恐地发现,自己好像连找寻答案的勇气和能力都没有——没有成长起来的自我,在太迟的觉醒中已然习惯性无助了,这才是能要命的事——一个人活着,甚至成功着,却没有所谓的“在世热情”,内心充满了对自己的怀疑,活下去就是煎熬。

我想,真正的教育家都是懂得这一点的,所以他们宁愿放弃种种束缚,而给孩子们自由探索的空间。在这条自由教育之路上走得最远的,恐怕就是英国的夏山学校了。

或许很多人会觉得夏山学校过于疯狂,比如孩子可以去做自己想做的事情,而不一定非得去上课,对此老师绝不会强迫,更不会“请家长”——直到孩子自己想要走进教室;再比如,学校里的大事小情,包括某些行为是否允许、是否需要给予处罚,都由所有师生参与的“自治会”来决定。在夏山学校,老师们好像不是拿着大剪刀的“园丁”,倒好像是一片充满有机性的、接纳和催化不同种子的沃土。

夏山学校的创办者尼尔是个喜欢写作的人。在这本以学生的顺口溜《尼尔,尼尔,橘子皮》为书名的自传中,尼尔写了自己成长的故事。原来,这样一个充满开创精神的教育家并非天生的。他大学毕业后最不想成为的就是教师,这多少和他成长于一个教师家庭有关,他的父亲曾认为他将一事无成。

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