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戏曲文物研究的又一丰硕成果

2017-08-22 05:21:54   中国青年网

近日,我收到潞伟小友寄来的他在中国戏剧出版社出版的新著《上党神庙剧场研究》,万分欣喜。我早年曾参与戏曲文物研究,因而对这一领域的研究成果比较注意,欣喜之余,匆匆捧读。

在这本书里,王潞伟不是选择一般的戏曲旧题作泛泛之谈,而是选取一个特定地区的戏曲演出场所做了广泛深入调查,详予述介,并进而作理论阐述。所选的上党地区,即今山西省东南部长治市和晋城市所属各县区,是我国戏曲遗产最为丰富的地区之一。这个地区历史悠久,宗教民俗文化深厚,至今仍遗留众多古代神庙、戏台,形制各异。在戏台上和神庙中,留存有大量舞台题记和戏曲碑刻。民间还流传多种明清时期赛社礼节抄本,如《迎神赛社礼节传簿四十曲宫调》《唐乐星图》等,并有多种古代戏剧形态如队戏、院本、杂剧演出,以及参与演出的乐户。其演出形式有台上表演、撂地作场和流动性演出。从某种意义上说,从这些神庙戏台和有关戏曲演出中,可以窥见中国古代戏剧的发展脉络和特点。潞伟据此深入调查研究,所作自令读者耳目一新,亦为学界所赞赏。一个青年学者,初入学术领域,当然要打下坚实的文本知识和理论基础,同时也要学会做田野调查,以获取新的口头和文献资料,再进行深入探讨,这样研究才能有所发明,有所创新。

对上党地区神庙戏台的考察,资料丰富翔实,是此书一大特点。

潞伟在硕士研究生期间,跟随戏曲研究所的老师进行田野考察,学会了描绘、记录戏台形制的方法。博士研究生期间,他用了三年时间,对晋东南地区各县区的古代戏台进行了全方位、地毯式的搜索,对所有神庙戏台(包括舞亭、舞庭、舞楼、献楼、乐楼)逐一考察,记录其创建年代、建造地点、建筑形制、台口朝向、戏台面积、台基高度、梁柱大小、顶部架构、装饰特点等,并对戏台所在庙区的正殿、献殿、两侧廊房建造形制、位置功能予以丈量、描绘,点明神庙所供神灵与戏台的关系。对这些戏台及其顶部架构,拍摄了彩照,制作了庙区平面示意图,抄录了所存碑刻碑文。所有这些资料、数据,均翔实可靠,且图文并茂,新人耳目。观读此书,使读者对上党地区的古代戏台有了切实、全面的了解,也便于学者在研究中国戏曲发展时予以检索、参考。

对这些古代神庙剧场,作者根据所建时代,分为宋、金、元、明、清不同阶段予以叙说,不仅详述这时期神庙剧场的现状及碑刻的遗存,而且还点明此时期神庙剧场的特点。如指出宋代神庙剧场多为新建,依据地势及正殿坐向而定;称谓还不统一;具有明显宗教属性;敬神献艺是唯一宗旨等。又如金元时期神庙戏台,多建于远离村落的偏远之处,或建于村落附近高地;戏台与正殿之间的距离逐渐变大;戏台从四面观逐步转向三面观;剧场形制趋于一致。这些阐述,使读者了解上党地区不同时期神庙剧场的发展变化,也增加了此书的理论性。

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