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植物界也有“电信运营商”(新知)

2017-08-21 05:21:27   中国青年网

人们对动物界的寄生现象比较熟悉,但在植物界,寄生也是普遍存在的。菟丝子就是人们比较熟知的一种寄生植物。寄生植物通常被认为对寄主有百害而无一利。不久前,最新研究表明,寄生植物可能还有积极的一面。在某些条件下,菟丝子能够帮助不同寄主之间建立起抗虫防御的“联盟”。

所有寄生植物都具备一个特殊的器官,那就是吸器。寄生植物通过吸器与寄主的维管束组织形成连接,从寄主获取营养、水分等生长所需物质,造成寄主营养的大量流失,进而严重影响寄主生长和繁殖。

菟丝子也不例外,它没有根也没有叶片,通过茎缠绕在寄主上并产生大量吸器而获取营养。菟丝子没有或者只有非常微弱的光合作用,从而被认为是一类全寄生植物。近来有科研人员发现,寄主和菟丝子的“物质交流”是非常频繁的,不仅包括水分和营养,还包括蛋白质、次生代谢物等。

一株菟丝子常常能够同时寄生在多个邻近的寄主上,从而将不同的寄主连接起来。既然菟丝子和寄主有广泛的物质交流,那么“电话线”一样的菟丝子是否也能让不同寄主之间相互“信息交流”呢?

“我们的研究是支持这种假设的。”中国科学院昆明植物研究所吴建强博士给出了明确的答案。自2012年从德国学成归来,吴建强就对寄生植物独特的生理形态产生了浓厚的兴趣,他和他的团队一直致力于用分子的手段解析这种独特的生态学现象。

近来,吴建强的团队与一位美国科学院院士合作,创新性地提出了“菟丝子及其连接的不同寄主形成微群落”这一崭新概念。

他们发现,在这种微群落中,菟丝子起到一个“通信渠道”的作用,当昆虫取食一个寄主的时候,这个寄主能够产生一个信号,这个信号不但能够诱导被取食植物的抗虫性,而且通过菟丝子这个渠道,这个抗虫信号能够被传输到其他的寄主植物,同样增强这些植物的抗虫能力。

该团队的成果还证明,一种叫作茉莉酸的植物激素在这个“交流”过程中起到了非常重要作用,而且这种信号能够传递到至少一米远的寄主,并诱导抗虫响应。通过测定发现,这个信号的传递速度大约是两个小时一米。“这种速度对于人来讲是非常缓慢的,但是对于植物而言,接收到这种信号就像是被通风报信,能提前得知附近有昆虫取食而做出抗虫准备。”吴建强补充说。

著名科学研究杂志《美国科学院院刊》在2017年7月24日报道了这项成果。这项研究首次从分子水平揭示了菟丝子连接的植物微群落中,菟丝子和寄主、寄主与寄主间复杂的相互作用关系。这些发现不仅对了解抗虫信号具有重要的意义,也为农业上治理寄生植物危害提供了新的启示。

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