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“举贤不避超己”

2017-08-21 03:16:36   中国青年网

唐朝武则天时期,狄仁杰学识渊博,很有作为,是难得的人才,但他却常常排挤同朝为官的娄师德。当武则天告诉狄仁杰,他是因娄师德的举荐才开始被重用时,狄仁杰羞愧地说:“吾不意为娄公所涵,而娄公未尝有矜色。”娄师德明知狄仁杰与己素有不睦,仍然向武则天推荐,狄仁杰任相后并不感恩,反而“排斥师德非一日”,但娄师德“未尝有矜色”,默默承受从未表达。单就此事而言,虽然论才学,娄师德未必及得上狄仁杰,但他这种不避讳举荐的人才超过自己、甚至排挤自己的伯乐精神,足以名垂青史。

不怕“举贤超己”的人,不仅中国有,外国也有。1919年,马歇尔还是一名美军上尉,被派往某地担任副官。他的上级哈古德上校写的一份关于马歇尔的鉴定报告中,在回答“和平和战争时期你愿意留他在你的直接指挥下吗”的问题时,径直写道:“我愿意,但我更愿意在他手下服役!”并说:“据我判断,在战争时期指挥一个师,能做得像他一样好的,在陆军中不超过五个人。他应被授予正规陆军准将头衔,这件事被延迟一天,都是国家和陆军的损失……如果我有这种权力,下次准将级中有空额时,我将任命他。”谁能想象得到,这竟是一名上校对下属一名上尉的评价。

然而,历史上也有很多心胸狭隘的人,怕举荐的人抢了自己官位、盖过自己风头。《史记·淮阴侯列传》中记载了一段韩信对项羽的评价:“项王见人恭敬慈爱,言语呕呕,人有疾病,涕泣分食饮,至使人有功当封爵者,印刓蔽,忍不能予,此所谓妇人之仁也。”意思是说,项羽这个人很仁爱,看到有人生病,流着眼泪前去慰问,可是当手下的将领立了战功应当封爵的时候,他却把刻好的印信握在手里,摩弄再三,一直到把角都磨坏了也不肯授予人家,生怕下属的军功超过自己,或者取自己而代之。所以项羽之仁,不过是妇人之仁罢了。

“举贤不避超己”,说起来容易做起来难。从人才学上来讲,人才都是相比较而存在的。一个人如果在某一个领域超过其他人,那就可以被认为是一个人才;如果在发展过程中他被别人超越,那他就有可能降为较低层次的人才,或者直接退出人才行列。也就是说,自己对一个人才的推荐,不仅会影响被推荐者的任用,而且有可能影响到自己的地位。从人性上讲,人都具有好胜心,在心理学上叫作“成就动机强烈”或者是“抱负水平较高”,也就是自己的行为所要达到的目标比较高、比较远大,这种“好胜心”在人才身上体现得更加明显。既然人才追求的发展目标是使自己在某一领域超越其他人而成为更高层次的人才,当他主观地认为自己把握着另一个人才崭露头角机会的时候,到底是应该举荐他、帮助他超过自己?还是不举荐他、使他永远超过不了自己?从人的心理上来说,确实是一个难以抉择的问题。

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