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古今中外说法袍

2017-08-21 03:16:35   中国青年网

中世纪的法官源于教士,于是教士袍自然就成了法袍的前身

□ 江隐龙

如果说军人的标志是军装,那法官的标志便是那黑色的法官袍(简称法袍)了。法官与法袍之间的联系源远流长。早在中国先秦时期,袍服便是礼仪典章的重要组成部分;而在西方的古罗马,托加长袍凸显了罗马人赖以为傲的公民权。不过,现代法袍的源头却与这两种袍服都没有直接的关联。

教士袍的“遗迹”

法袍的前身,其实是中世纪的教士袍。如果将中世纪欧洲视为蛮荒之海,那修道院便是海洋中零星的灯塔,支撑着整个世界的知识传播。文艺复兴之前,基督教会垄断了法律、教育、医疗及手工技术等诸多领域,所以法官几乎均为教士出身也就不奇怪了。

基督教徒对袍服的青睐其实是源于“大众审美”。罗马教会时期基督教教徒的袍服与普通的罗马人无异。不过,后来的教士袍渐渐统一为朴素的黑色。这是什么原因造成的呢?

一方面源于民俗。在西方,黑色首先代表了死亡,西欧葬礼的主色调都是黑色。撒旦与堕天使因为堕落而化为黑色,于是黑色又代表了罪恶。早期基督教徒以哀悼赎罪为主要任务,身着黑色长袍自然最为合适。

另一方面源于宗教。《旧约全书》中记载了关于黑色与神圣之间的隐喻,如“摩西就挨近神所在的幽暗之中”“祂以黑暗为藏身之处,以水的黑暗、天空的厚云为他四围的行宫”等。世俗意义宗教意义相融合,最终使教士袍的主色调成了黑色。

中世纪的法官源于教士,于是教士袍自然就成了法袍的前身——正如威廉·海涅漫在其所著《礼仪习俗和仪式的起源和意义》中说的那样:“法袍只是教士袍的遗迹。”只是,这个宗教“遗迹”最终迎来了世俗王权的挑战。

世俗王权的符号

中世纪教会对法律的垄断是其知识垄断的必然结果,而当文艺复兴潮流降临时,社会世俗化的潮流开始了。

文艺复兴一方面减小了宗教对世俗生活的干涉,另一方面则加强了王权的统治力度。以英国为例:随着政教分离的进一步推进,司法队伍中的教士群体逐渐减少,直到爱德华二世在位的最后一年(1327年),教士在英国中央法院已经不再拥有任何席位,这也意味着司法世俗化基本完成。

这并不是历史的巧合。文艺复兴通过打破了学习壁垒让知识得以在全社会传播——教会对社会的控制是建立在知识垄断的基础之上的,一旦这种垄断被打破,世俗社会参与司法也便成为可能。

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