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破解黑匣子思维

2017-08-19 15:56:19   中国青年网

亚伯拉罕·瓦尔德1902年出生于匈牙利的一个犹太面包师家中。1927年,瓦尔德离开家乡,到维也纳大学求学。在大学里,瓦尔德受当时世界上最伟大的数学家之一卡尔·门格尔之邀,加入了数学研讨会,人们会在这里举行非正式会议,讨论数学和哲学问题。随着欧洲战火重燃,瓦尔德连这个小小的职位也不能保全。1937年,因为瓦尔德的关系,纳粹支持者开始声讨数学研讨会。一年后,希特勒吞并了奥地利,瓦尔德也被解职了。此前已经前往美国的门格尔为他在大洋彼岸找到了一份工作。

来到美国后,瓦尔德发现自己终于可以继续研究数学了。他被安排在一个名为“应用数学专家组”的团队中工作。事后证明,他的工作成了整个第二次世界大战的转折点。

美军给瓦尔德的任务是帮助解决一个重要的问题。当时,轰炸机飞行员在欧洲执行任务时的风险极大。战争最激烈时,一名飞行员执行任务后平安归来的概率仅仅略高于50%。军事史学家凯文·威尔森甚至写道,这些勇士“在出征前就已经化身幽灵”。

指挥官们意识到,必须加强战斗机的装甲,以抵御来自地面和空中的炮火攻击。问题在于,不可能为整个机身加强装甲,那样会导致飞机太重,无法起飞,即使起飞了也会失去灵活性。瓦尔德的任务是找出机身上最需要加强装甲的部分。美国空军详细检查了返航的飞机,评估损伤情况,研究如何应对。这是典型的黑匣子思维模式——军方从负面事件中收集信息,试图增强战斗机的安全性。

损伤的模式十分清晰。大部分飞机的机翼和机身上都密布着弹孔,驾驶舱和机尾则保持完好。 空军指挥部提出了看似完善的解决办法:在飞机布满弹孔的位置加强装甲。既然这些位置被子弹集中攻击,当然就需要加强防护。这是容易想到的常规思路。

瓦尔德提出了反对意见。他意识到,指挥官们忽视了一个关键问题。他们只看到了安全返回的飞机,却没有考虑到那些没能返航的飞机。那些飞机早已被击落坠毁。弹孔的分布情况显示,机舱和机尾不需要装甲,因为这两个位置压根没被打到。而事实上,这两个位置不是不会被攻击,而是一旦遭到攻击就会导致飞机直接坠毁,因为这两处才是整个飞机上最脆弱的部位。真正的结论是,返航飞机上弹孔的分布状况显示了飞机上哪些位置是经得起攻击、在受到攻击后仍然能让飞机平安返回的。弹孔密集的部位绝非需要加强装甲的部分,反而恰恰是最不需要装甲的地方。事后证明,瓦尔德的这一发现不仅对轰炸机部队至关重要,对整个战争也起到了重要影响。

这个例子有力地证明了两个关键问题。第一,要从负面事件中吸取教训,就必须全面考虑所有信息,包括未能立即掌握的信息。第二,无论是从执行角度还是情感角度来看,从失败中学习都不是一件容易的事,要具备缜密的思维和坚决的信念,才能看透事物的表象。往往只有透过表面的信息才能发现隐含的经验与教训,不仅航空业如此,在商业、政治和其他领域里也是如此。

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