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发展大宗交易平台需要突破电商思维定式
2017-08-18 14:13:35 中国经济网
对于即期现货、期货和中远期现货电子交易的差别,市场上有些争论,甚至认为现货大宗交易平台就是“非法期货”。笔者认为,区分期货交易和非期货交易的核心是以下两点:一是交易的标的是商品合约还是商品本身,二是交易是否以实物交割为目的。比如白糖交易,投资者会在线下的商店或电商平台上购买用于消费,也可能因为从事白糖生意,在线下买卖。投资者可能会在广西糖网现货中远期电子交易平台买卖白糖,也可能会在郑州商品交易所交易白糖期货合约。散户投资者在郑商所交易的是白糖合约,不是以实物交割为目的。不过,我们认为,现货大宗交易平台不是期货,也不是非法期货。
大宗商品往往交易金额巨大,上下游的厂商之间都需要稳定的销售和供应关系,他们都有能力找到和服务好对方的需求。为了节省不必要的支出,当然企业更希望直接交易。这看上去是一种完美的流通方式,没有中间商赚差价,买家和卖家直接交易,但实际上并不完美。因为这种交易方式很难确定交易的合理价格,在实际业务中,还要参考第三方交易场所的价格。理想的交易方式,是买卖双方通过一个中间交易场所进行充分的价格博弈,才能发现更为合理的交易价格。参与定价的不但应该有上下游的生产和消费厂商,还要有各类投资者。这也是LME会成为全世界重要金属定价和交易中心的原因。市场接受公允价格的确定,是大宗商品交易平台的核心。
正视和重视“38号文”和“37号文”的限制
“国发〔2011〕38号”文件和“国办发〔2012〕37号”文件(下称“38号文”、“37号文”)发布后,对大宗商品交易界影响较大。“38号文”和“37号文”规范交易场所经营的精神,是为了鼓励大宗商品中远期交易市场回归现货交易,更好地服务实体经济,抑制严重投机和价格操纵行为。文件尤其禁止交易场所股东和经营者与投资者对赌,禁止通过技术手段或者利用短时资金优势帮助或纵容部分交易方“打爆”中小交易方,防止管理人员侵吞客户资金、经营者卷款逃跑等违法犯罪事件发生。
在“38号文”和“37号文”中,是如何区别期货交易、现货交易、中远期交易的?集中竞价、电子撮合、匿名交易、做市商等集中进行的标准化交易是期货独有的特点吗?标准化交易等同于合约交易吗?这些都有待商榷。随着经济的飞速发展,大宗商品现货除了商品属性,还有金融属性。正是因为大宗商品有金融属性,要服务好实体经济就要给大宗商品经营的相关参与者提供未来买进或卖出一定价格和数量的权利。这样,相关经营者才能根据他们的生产能力、对市场需求和未来价格的判断选择对自己最有利的价格、数量和时间进行交易。
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