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“一战”与北京

2017-08-16 15:49:58   中国青年网

第一次世界大战开始于1914年7月28日,因“萨拉热窝刺杀事件”而引起大战爆发,以德、奥为首的同盟国和以英、法为首的协约国两大阵营开始了拼杀,战火随即席卷全球,越来越多的国家投入战争。战争爆发之初,北洋政府为避免战火蔓延至中国,宣布“局外中立”。但参加协约国一方的日本,却发起了对青岛德国租借地的德国驻军的进攻,并占领了青岛。实际上,日本军队也没去欧洲参战,其对德宣战的目的也就是为了占青岛。中国中立地位刚一宣布,就名存实亡,陷入了“中而不能立”的境地,再难置身事外。更为可悲的是,别的国家在中国的领土上交战,中国政府居然宣布中立,这也是清朝和北洋政府的滑稽之处。

随着战局的发展,渐渐地,主张中国参战成为朝野上下的主流意见。这一观点认为中国参加对德作战,从迫在眉睫处着眼,是为了应对日本的步步紧逼,为了在战后和会上占有一席之地;从长远看,是为了加入国际社会,走向国际化,使中国在新的世界秩序中有发言权。所以在宣战以前,北洋政府即采取“明守中立,暗事参加”的“以工代兵”办法,派遣华工出国。“一战”期间,英法俄三国共招募华工30万人,有的从事后方的工业生产,有的被投放到前线,从事挖掘战壕、修筑工事、野战救护、掘埋尸体、清扫地雷、筑路架桥、解运粮草、装卸给养等工作,甚至直接参与战斗。据统计,整个战争中,约有两万华工付出了生命。

1917年时主政的段祺瑞亦相信,“日本既已加入,我若不参加,日本对青岛势必染指掠夺”,而“德国虽系当今之强国,但众怒难犯。料其难以取胜。将来协约国取得胜利,中国将成局外之人,而我国参加,那将迥然成另一局面。到时中国也是战胜国之一,和会上有我一席之地, 必将提高中国之国际声誉。”除了争取国际地位外,段祺瑞还有一个动机,那就是借此抑制日本在华势力的发展。

北洋政府对德宣战的直接原因,是德国的潜艇无差别攻击中立国的商船。在1917年初的一次潜艇攻击中,543名华工不幸死亡。因此,北洋政府先是在同年3月份对德绝交,后是在8月份宣战。

2

曾训练三个师的参战部队

北洋政府在3月与德断交后,就立刻收回了德、奥在天津、汉口的租界,撤销两国领事裁判权,解除在中国的德军武装,并停付德、奥两国的庚子赔款。在8月份对德宣战后,获得协约国许诺:庚子赔款自1917年12月起暂缓5年偿还(俄国仅同意缓还1/3),免加利息;德奥赔款永远撤销(占庚子赔款总数的20.91%,其中德国9000余万两,奥匈400万两);改变《南京条约》“协定关税”条款规定的5%固定税率,允许中国提高5%关税;天津周围20里内允许中国暂时驻军,以防范德奥侨民。

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