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“一战”与北京
2017-08-16 15:49:58 中国青年网
■王密林
在中山公园南门内,有一座著名的保卫和平坊。如今时过境迁,许多游客并不了解保卫和平坊的由来。作为明清两朝国都的北京,存留的牌坊比别的城市都多,而保卫和平坊是其中较为特殊的一座。
保卫和平坊宽17米,高10.9米,是一座四柱三楼蓝琉璃瓦顶的青石牌坊。牌坊正中镌刻着郭沫若题写的“保卫和平”四个镏金大字,字迹遒劲凝重。此牌坊原建在东单北大街北西总布胡同西口外的大街上,原名叫“克林德”坊,是为纪念八国联军侵华中死亡的德国驻华公使克林德而建。当年克林德就死于此地,此牌坊就是清政府向德国道歉的见证。谁料世事无常,第一次世界大战结束后,德国成为战败国,而中国却成了战胜国。于是,在协约国的提议下,将牌坊移建到中央公园(现中山公园)内,改为“公理战胜”坊,坊额字为许宝蘅书写。1952年,为了纪念在京召开的亚洲及太平洋地区和平会议,将“公理战胜”坊,更名为“保卫和平”坊。
一座牌坊,一段历史。保卫和平坊正是如此,要了解这座牌坊的由来,就要了解二十世纪前半段的动荡历史。今年8月14日正好是中国宣布加入协约国阵营、对德国和奥匈帝国宣战一百周年的日子,笔者恰在此特殊的日子游历保卫和平坊,不免有些感怀。本期的“品读”就为读者介绍百年前中国参加“一战”、组建参战部队、收容德国战俘、拆毁克林德牌坊的那段历史。
1
30万华工参与了“一战”
1917年8月14日,北京城的百姓在这一天的政府公报上看到了当时的北洋政府对德国和奥匈帝国宣战的《大总统令》:“德国施行潜水艇计划,违背国际公约,危害中立国人民生命财产。中国政府曾因此向德国政府提出抗议,继而又宣告断绝中德外交关系。但时至今日,德国潜艇攻击如故,中立国船只被击毁。奥国也同德国采取同一政策。中国政府不得已于14日上午10时起,对德国、奥国宣告处于战争地位。所有以前中国与德、奥二国所订条约以及与中德、中奥有关的其他国际条款、协议,依据国际公法及惯例,一律废止。”
这意味着中国在保持了三年多的中立后,终于宣布加入协约国阵营,正式成为第一次世界大战的参战国。
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