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细说老北京的“洋楼”

2017-08-16 15:49:58   中国青年网

朝内81号因同名电影而出名

东交民巷与台基厂大街交叉口东北角的圣米厄尔教堂

朝内81号因同名电影而出名

东交民巷与台基厂大街交叉口东北角的圣米厄尔教堂

■张双林

“洋楼”泛指由欧美人设计的西式楼房。北京在历史上没有租界,也不是开放口岸,“洋楼”并不多,与上海、天津及广州等城市相比,数量更少。但是,老北京的洋楼有许多特色,这是其他城市难以相比的。

最早的洋楼是教堂

北京是五朝帝都,民富国强的年代,不许洋人在此大兴土木,北京大规模出现洋楼的时期是八国联军入侵之后。在此之前,东交民巷使馆区的外国使领馆的建筑大多使用的是中式建筑,大小洋楼并不多见。比如说,此前英国人强占了清朝翰林院为馆址;1900年后,设在东交民巷的和硕肃亲王府及写过“与鬼为邻,望洋兴叹”楹联的大学士徐桐官邸等都成了使领馆。这些地方即便为洋人所有,中式建筑还是占主导地位,只是后来陆续拆旧建新,才出现了洋楼。

最早在北京出现的西洋式建筑应该是天主教堂了。北京城内主要的天主教堂有东西南北“四大堂”及东交民巷的圣米厄尔教堂和阜外马尾沟教堂等几处。东堂在王府井八面糟大街路东,最早建于清顺治十二年(1665年),后经战乱被毁,现在的东堂是1904年用庚子赔款重建;西堂在西直门内大街路南,教堂建于雍正元年(1723年),因兵火损坏,西堂多次重建,1912年又在旧址上重建塔楼;南堂在宣武门,其历史最悠久,由意大利传教士利玛窦在万历三十三年(1605年)建,惨遭兵火之灾后,顺治七年(1650年)又重建,后在庚子事变中被义和团烧毁,现在的建筑是1904年后重建的,用的也是庚子赔款;北堂最初建在中南海内,建于康熙四十二年(1703年),同治四年(1865年)移址在西什库大街重建,为此清廷给了他们一大笔银子。

天主教来自西方,来华的传教士以意大利、法国、比利时人为主,这些教堂的建筑风格与这些国家息息相关。如北堂(西什库堂)主楼大堂属哥特式,讲经大堂内有明柱36根,被认为是巴黎圣母院的翻版;南堂、东堂及圣米厄尔教堂也是哥特式建筑,都建有高耸入天的塔楼,这种建筑方式保留了古罗马及欧洲文艺复兴的特点,在古城的建筑群中,别具一格,十分显眼。

不过,北京的基督教堂没有了哥特式庄严神秘的建筑特色,而是融入了大量的中国建筑元素。一些教堂做为北京最老的洋楼,能在红墙碧瓦的古城中保留至今,表现出北京人的包容精神和友善,也体现出京城建筑的多样化。

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