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暴力的文明之旅
2017-08-16 08:41:19 中国青年网
国家提供两种最重要的公共产品:安全和正义,这构成了国家的基本功能。由此,现代国家必须拥有两大系统:军队(武力)和司法(法律)。这两大系统到底是一种什么关系?在现代文明的视域下,究竟该如何安顿好它们?探寻二者之间的奥秘,既能发掘出武力对于文明的不可或缺,也能见证法律驯服武力的雄心壮志,是一个颇有意味的重大论题。
首先不妨从历史中去寻找答案的钥匙。
回顾人类历史长河,从文明的发轫到文明的冲突再到文明的融合,始终与暴力、战争、武力联系在一起。日裔美籍学者弗朗西斯·福山认为,国家形成的真正原因是暴力,或暴力的威胁。在中国东周时期,国家形成的最重要动力就是战争,从分散封建国家到统一帝国的过渡全凭武力征服。据统计,春秋时期的294年,中国的“国家”之间共打了1211次战役,和平岁月仅有38年,超过110个政治体被灭绝。后续的254年战国时期,打了468次战役,仅有89年太平无事。因而福山才断言,国家在中国和欧洲出现,根源就是当代国际体系所竭力阻止的无休止战争。
战争与暴力催生国家,但利维坦的降临并没能永久解决暴力问题,反而将之移至更高层次,陷入了查尔斯·蒂利(Charles Tilly)所说的“战争创造国家,国家发动战争”的状态。然而,失之东隅收之桑榆,国家的产生虽然没有阻止战争,却很大程度上实现了对暴力的垄断,并让暴力逐渐告别丛林法则,开始迈向带有价值判断的文明旅途。在中世纪,骑士作战更是有不少讲究。基佐在《法国文明史》中记录了骑士誓言的一项规定:“他们决不在超过一对一的情况下进行战斗,他们要避免一切欺诈和虚假的行为。”在厮杀中,骑士要攻击的是有准备的骑士或重装骑兵,富勒在《西洋世界军事史》中写道:“依照骑士的规律,攻击步兵对于一个骑士,是有失尊严的。”
历史的探寻总是充满着睿智的发现。无论是早期国家发动战争前对正义的宣示,还是国家间有关战争的盟誓,抑或是像决斗者那样“彬彬有礼”的作战,添附在暴力手段之上的规则与修饰越来越多,及至1907年海牙诸公约编纂了许多重要惯例,旨在限制作战手段和方法,以求将暴力的运用控制在一定的限度之内。从这个难以全景描述的演变历史中,不难发现暴力一直在投向文明的怀抱,虽然其速度像影片《疯狂动物城》中的“闪电”那样迟缓。文明首先实现人类暴力的有组织化,这种组织化才能为控制暴力提供可能。
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