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别成为梁先生笔下的“猴子”

2017-08-16 08:33:33   中国青年网

《朝话》梁漱溟讲述上海人民出版社

文化学者 鲍鹏山

《朝话》里有一篇《猴子的故事》:

一个科学家研究动物心理,养着几只猩猩、猴子做实验。以一个高的玻璃瓶,拔去木塞,放两粒花生米进去,花生米自然落到瓶底,从玻璃外面可以看见,递给猴子。猴子接过,乱摇许久,偶然摇出花生米来,才得取食。

此科学家又放进花生米如前,而指教它只须将瓶子一倒转,花生米立刻出来。但是猴子总不理会他的指教,每次总是乱摇,很费力气而不能必得。猴子何以不能领受人的指教呢?没有旁的,只为它两眼看见花生米,一心急切求食,就再无余暇来理解与学习了。要学习,必须两眼不去看花生米,而移其视线来看人的手势与瓶子的倒转才行。要移转视线,必须平下心去,不为食欲冲动所蔽才行。然而它竟不会也。

猴子智慧的贫乏,就在此等处。

看这个故事,你也就大致知道梁漱溟先生的《朝话》是什么样的书,什么内容与什么风格。这一本小巧的书,收集了梁漱溟先生60多篇短文。其实,也不是文章,是梁先生的讲话录音整理稿。名之为“朝话”者,乃是因为这是梁先生在“朝会”上的讲话。这“朝会”,乃是一种特别的学习方式,梁先生搞乡村建设,给追随者办学,“大都率领学生作朝会,尤其自民国二十年夏至二十三年夏一段”,天天黎明起来就做朝会,极少间断,尤其是“自任乡建院(山东乡村建设研究院)研究部主任时,行之最勤”。而每逢此时,梁先生常常要讲话,给他的学生作人生指导,这些讲话,多半是随时随地随人随事有感而发,故亲切有味,针对性很强,触动性很强。而他的那些学生,总要虔诚地低头记录,后来,这些记录的一部分,就在《乡村建设》半月刊发表,因为广受读者追捧,后来又结集成书,直至今天,仍然对我们有启示。

前面所引的梁先生讲的猴子的故事,就是一次有关“智慧”的讲话。他的观点是,智慧的要点是冷静,冷静了才能发现事情的关键。这个猴子之所以没智慧,就是被花生米诱惑而直奔目标,急于求成反而不得要领。于是,梁先生接着这样教导他的学生:

人们不感觉问题,是麻痹;然为问题所刺激,辄耐不住,亦不行。要将问题放在意识深处,而游心于远,从容以察事理。天下事必先了解它,才能控制它。情急之人何以异于猴子耶?……智慧的优长或贫乏,待看他真冷静与否。

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