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房产继承取消强制公证回归法律本义

2017-08-16 08:33:33   中国青年网

记者日前从广西南宁市国土资源局获悉,《南宁市不动产继承(受遗赠)登记操作规则(试行)》(以下简称《规则》)将于9月1日起正式实施。《规则》明确,市民可选择不走司法程序或公证方式,而按《规则》要求直接携带相关材料向不动产登记机构申办房产继承登记(8月15日《南国早报》)。

南宁市决定房产继承不需要强制公证,其源头依据是:2016年1月,国土资源部在《不动产登记暂行条例实施细则》中明确提出,继承权公证已不再是申办房产继承的必要条件。此前《北京市不动产登记工作规范(试行)》也规定,公证不再是继承(受遗赠)不动产登记的前置条件,公证成为办理继承(受遗赠)申请人的可选项,由其自行选择是否公证。

我们知道,过去不动产继承是需要强制公证的,这个规定出自1991年司法部、建设部《关于房产登记管理中加强公证的联合通知》。这一制度对避免当事人隐瞒继承人、隐瞒遗嘱、预防产权纠纷等起到了很好的作用。但从另一方面看,继承权公证手续较繁杂,耗时较长,还需要支出不低的费用,许多市民在感情上又觉得难以接受。这个规定已经在2016年7月5日被司法部宣布废止。

应该说,过去要求不动产继承强制公证是没有法律依据的。没有上位法的依据而增加公民的义务,正是立法法所禁止的。同时,要求不动产继承强制公证,也与公证法、继承法的规定抵触。公证法规定,办理继承、财产分割、婚姻状况、亲属关系公证事项,属于公民自愿申请公证事项,不属于法律、行政法规规定应当公证的事项。继承法规定,继承开始后,按照法定继承办理;有遗嘱的,按照遗嘱继承或者遗赠办理;有遗赠扶养协议的,按照协议办理,该法第17条列举了“公证遗嘱”“自书遗嘱”“代书遗嘱”“录音遗嘱”“口头遗嘱”成立的情况,但从来没有规定遗嘱一定要经过公证才能生效。可见,要求不动产继承强制公证是对公民权利法外设卡。

现在的问题是,既然不动产继承强制公证没有法律依据,既然相关部门已经发文,那全国所有地方都应该落实。但不少地方,仍在奉行不动产继承须强制公证的规定。废除一项没有法律依据的规定,何以这么难?

还有一个问题,目前,公民在继承不动产之外的其他财产时,也会遭遇强制公证的问题。例如,公民在继承父母的存款时,银行也会要求所有继承人就财产分割进行公证,导致一些人无法继承财产,这也是违反公证法和继承法的。而银行要求进行财产继承公证的依据主要是1993年的中国人民银行《关于执行〈储蓄管理条例〉的若干规定》,这种违反上位法的规定为什么不及时废止?

立法法规定,“没有法律或者国务院的行政法规、决定、命令的依据,部门规章不得设定减损公民、法人和其他组织权利或者增加其义务的规范,不得增加本部门的权力或者减少本部门的法定职责。”这一条必须得到落实。

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