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美国对华启动贸易调查弊大于利

2017-08-14 03:17:50   中国青年网

无论是作为新的政策取向或是一种谈判策略,美国动用301条款在知识产权等领域向中国施压都弊大于利,可能导致中美贸易摩擦升级。中美贸易不平衡有深刻的结构和政策性原因,中美之间应通过对话谈判开拓新的贸易合作领域,以此扭转当前贸易不平衡现状。

有消息称,美国总统特朗普将于当地时间14日签署行政备忘录,指示美国贸易代表决定是否展开对所谓“中国贸易行为”调查。此举引发各界对美国采取单边行动损害中美经贸关系的担忧。据悉,美国政府准备启动《1974年贸易法案》301条款,主要关注知识产权以及美资企业对华技术转让等领域。

长期以来,动用301条款已成为美国处理所谓中美贸易不平衡问题的一项工具。301条款调查允许美国政府不经世界贸易组织(WTO)授权就可采取相关措施。近年来,该条款主要在其特别修正案下应用于知识产权保护。但是,专家们普遍认为,无论是作为新的政策取向或是一种谈判策略,美国动用301条款在知识产权等领域向中国施压都弊大于利,可能导致中美贸易摩擦升级。

首先,中国是最重要的“世界工厂”。从全球价值链角度看,中国占美国贸易赤字的附加值份额仅为30%左右,远低于账面上的47%。如果美国对华实行贸易制裁,在中国出口产业链上的美国、日本、韩国等企业都会受到冲击,其受影响程度甚至可能比中国企业还大。

其次,在知识产权相关产业层面上,中国高技术产品出口很大程度上由外商直接投资的供应链驱动。2016年,美国在先进技术产品贸易上对华赤字为1140亿美元,占其对华贸易赤字总额的三分之一。但是,如果不考虑信息和通信产品(这类产品受外资供应链驱动最多),先进技术产品贸易实际仅占中美贸易总量的8%,而且2011年以来一直是美国对华盈余。若无对华出口限制,美国在该领域的贸易盈余可能还要更高。因此,美国针对这类贸易的限制措施可能只会损害美国经济利益以及在中国出口供应链上的其他国际企业利益。

有分析认为,解决中美双边贸易失衡的关键在于增加中国从美国的进口,而不是减少中国对美国的出口。事实上,美国对华高科技产品出口限制是造成美国对华贸易逆差的重要原因之一。长期以来,美国一直对中国实行歧视性出口管制政策,对华高科技产品出口更是受到严格管控。在美国商务部2007年公布对华出口管制清单中,航空器及航空发动机、惯性导航系统、激光器、光学纤维等20类高科技产品禁止对华出口。

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