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大街小巷随处可见的共享单车近年来成了潮流。多种品牌同时“上架”满足了人们的出行选择欲的同时,大量闲置、被损坏的共享单车被堆在道路两侧,成千上万单车被随意停放也逐渐成为城市治理的新难题。如今共享单车停放显然已成为城市管理者的新烦恼。
对于常用共享单车的人来说,扎堆停放在一定程度上方便了取车用车;但对于那些不骑共享单车的人来说,共享单车对公共空间的占有,对他们的出行造成了困扰。这在经济学上称作“负外部性”——是指一个人的行为或企业的行为影响了其他人或企业,使之支付了额外的成本费用,但后者又无法获得相应补偿的现象。 扎堆停放首先与企业的车辆投放有关。在一些人流量很大的交通枢纽或是道路上,尽管用车量是不小,但共享单车企业还是会把远远超过需求车辆投入到这里。道理很简单,人流量越大越有广告效应,摆的车越多,所谓的市场占有率越高。 但这并不是共享单车扎堆停放的最主要原因。共享单车在一线城市最重要的作用就是接驳公共交通,而在公共交通的触角终结的地方,就是共享单车使用量出现峰值的场所。在这些场所,由于“潮汐效应”,很容易就出现共享单车扎堆停放的情况。《北京日报》就曾报道北京地铁13号线的北苑站,每天早高峰时段,四面八方的居民骑车赶往地铁站,共享单车迅速聚集并出现扎堆停放的情况,好像共享单车就要泛滥。但是,一到晚高峰,北苑地铁站的共享单车就变得十分紧俏,想骑车回家就必须靠“抢”,“抢”不到的就只能走路回家。这样的场景每天都会在一些地铁站、写字楼周边上演。 根据高德地图和交通部科学研究院的一份报告显示,在共享单车项目推出之后,北京、广州和深圳的拥堵程度分别下降7.4%、4.1%和6.8%,同时自行车出行的占比直接从5.5%翻倍增长到了11.6%。目前,赋予自行车更多路权已成为社会共识。但是,部分城市出于对共享单车扎堆停放问题的担心,提出了对共享单车进行总量控制。其实,平台为了快速抢占市场而大量投放是正常市场行为,由此带来的秩序问题也是阶段性的,相信随着市场竞争的成熟,共享单车企业会肩负起也必须肩负起社会公德,改变现在“跑马圈地”式的投放。 2017年4月底,北京市交通委公布数字称北京共享单车数量已达70万辆。其实共享单车绝对数量并不大,1995年北京自行车保有量最多的时候,全市有自行车831万辆;2002年,北京市每日出行的自行车都还有250万辆。 如今这70万辆共享单车的停车都成了问题,一方面是因为共享单车无法进入到很多建筑物内的停车场,另一方面也是近些年在规划中亏欠自行车太多了。例如北京地铁1号线东段在上世纪90年代修建时,很多站都建成了三层,地下三层站台,地下二层站厅,地下一层用来存放自行车。如今,这条线路上的自行车存车处基本都关闭了,而后建的地铁线,有一部分有室外的自行车停车场,还有一部分压根没地方停自行车。 现在,鼓励自行车出行,就应该创造出行条件,最基本的就是施划出足够多的自行车停车位。最近,有不少地方都在试验“电子围栏”,共享单车不进入“电子围栏”就不能锁车、换车。这种限制措施并非不能尝试,但是这样的区域必须要足够多。否则的话,其实就是将“无桩”变成了“有桩”,共享单车立刻就会丧失便捷性。就像是之前的城市公共自行车,“有桩”并不是它最大的问题,而是很多城市公共自行车网点太少,根本就没有解决“最后一公里”的问题。 公共自行车的现状,完全可作为规范共享单车停放秩序的一面镜子。从中可以清晰看到,如果公共政策和管理方式无法契合城市生活的本质需要,那么所有的努力很快就会与预期偏离。(文/刘阳)
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