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艾滋病疫苗研制成功? 系部分媒体和公众误读

2017-08-14 10:48:19   央广网

研究结果被误读,艾滋病疫苗离我们还远

本报记者 李 颖

近日,一篇发自华盛顿的消息称:实验性HIV疫苗方案在早期试验中引发免疫反应。随后,国内一些媒体迅速以“艾滋病疫苗研制成功;强生集团宣布志愿者100%产生抗体”之类的标题进行了轰炸式的报道。似乎困扰人类几十年的医学难题就此破解……

科技日报记者通过采访发现,这只是部分媒体和公众的误读。

有抗体不等于能预防

美国强生公司子公司杨森制药公司的相关人士在接受科技日报记者电话采访时表示,这是7月24日,在法国巴黎召开的第九届国际艾滋病协会艾滋病科学会议上,美国强生制药公司和美国国立卫生研究所的科学家们,口头报告的一项名为“APPROACH”的艾滋病疫苗临床研究结果。称“受试者均产生了免疫应答抗体,且安全性良好”。

解放军第三〇二医院感染病中心的传染病诊治专家、主任医师姜天俊教授在接受科技日报记者采访时坦言,该研究只是艾滋病疫苗临床试验的早期阶段,在受试者免疫应答率方面取得了较好进展,但距离人体正式使用,能够保护易感者,还有很长的路要走。

“这仅仅是一个疫苗临床研究的初步试验结果,尚无法证明该疫苗最终能否保护人类免受艾滋病的侵袭。”姜天俊解释说,这项临床研究共纳入393名健康成年志愿者,他们被随机分组接受7种候选疫苗接种方案之一或者是安慰剂。这次进行试验的候选疫苗是重组病毒载体疫苗,就是把艾滋病病毒经过处理加工,并在动物实验中验证过安全性后,再分次注射进人体内进行观察。结果表明:各种疫苗接种方案安全性良好,而且均在健康成人体内产生了针对艾滋病病毒的免疫应答。

但是,免疫应答并非免疫效果。“有抗体也不等于能预防。”姜天俊解释说,抗体可分为两种类型:一种是中和抗体,一种是标志性抗体。中和抗体具有抗击病毒入侵的能力,具有保护作用,比如感染麻疹病毒后所产生的中和抗体可以有效避免麻疹病毒的再次感染;而标志性抗体则仅仅是病毒感染的标志,可以用来诊断是否感染过病毒,但不具有保护能力,比如丙型肝炎病毒产生的丙肝抗体(抗HCV)、艾滋病病毒产生的艾滋抗体(抗HIV),只具有诊断价值,不具备保护意义。

尽管此次的疫苗让受试者100%产生了抗体,而且Pennvax-GP疫苗还产生了较高的总体免疫应答率,包括体液免疫和细胞免疫。但是,受试者体内的抗体浓度有多大,是否能有效中和(抗御)HIV,还需要下一步研究来证明。

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