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拜占庭金币与“二重证据法”

2017-08-14 05:22:52   中国青年网

20世纪初以来,二重证据法成为历史研究的重要研究方法,中外典籍互证、实物与文献互证,尤为其核心要义。中国史籍与拜占庭帝国史籍相互对照,两国史籍记载与欧亚大陆,尤其是中国境内发现的大量拜占庭金币相互对照,对于研究欧亚大陆,尤其是中国与拜占庭帝国的商贸关系,具有极为重要的价值。

中国境内不断发现拜占庭金币及其仿制品,尤其是20世纪中叶以来,发现的数量不断增加,已达百余枚之多,仅次于波斯银币。最近,时有发现拜占庭金币及其仿制品的消息。据报道,日前陕西西咸新区一座西魏贵族墓葬中又出土了两枚拜占庭金币。可以预料,随着人们文物意识的增强,各地发现的拜占庭金币数量将会相当可观。

从已发现的拜占庭金币的铸造年代来看,5至7世纪中叶的金币表现出很大的连续性,以6世纪上半叶为最多。这些钱币自西向东沿丝绸之路及其附近地区分布:新疆(和田、吐鲁番)、甘肃(武威、天水、陇西)、宁夏(固原)、陕西(咸阳、西安、商州、定边)、河北(赞皇、磁县)、河南(洛阳)境内诸地点均有发现,成为拜占庭帝国对外贸易的有力证据,也证明了南北朝末期至隋唐时期传统“丝绸之路”在东西交通中的主导地位。

拜占庭金币的发现以可靠的文物证据印证了东西古代文献的记载。拜占庭人科斯马斯(Cosmas Indicopleustes)年轻时从事红海印度洋贸易活动,被称为“航行到过印度的水手”,他在其完成于535—547年前后的《基督教世界风土志》中,记述了欧亚大陆的贸易状况,涉及中国与西方丝绸贸易的信息。科斯马斯称中国为“秦尼扎”(Tzinitza)或“秦尼斯达”(Tzinista),该词的词根是Tzini,相当于梵文的Cini、Cina,是西方人自海路对中国的称呼。科斯马斯从印度、锡兰方位观察陆上丝绸贸易:“秦尼扎国向左方偏斜相当严重,丝绸商队从陆地上经过各国辗转到达波斯,所需要的时间比较短,而由海路到达波斯,其距离却大得多。……所以,经陆路从秦尼扎到波斯的人就会大大缩短其旅程。这可以解释波斯何以总是积储大量丝绸。”这一记载从地理上说明了萨珊波斯帝国(224—651)在东方贸易中的巨大优势。科斯马斯还自豪地提到东罗马帝国(即拜占庭帝国)的优越性,尤其是其金币作为国际硬通货的独特性:“上帝赋予罗马人特权的另一标志是,从世界的一端到另一端,所有国家都用他们的货币进行商贸交易,所有人都以羡慕之情接受这一事实,因为他们国家没有类似的货币。”这样的记载如果没有辅证,很难使人相信其真实性,必以夸诞之词视之。

幸运的是,中国典籍史料记载了金币在河西走廊流通的情况。《隋书·食货志》提到,后周(557—580)之初“河西诸郡,或用西域金银之钱,而官不禁”。《大慈恩寺三藏法师传》记载,贞观三年(629年)秋八月玄奘在凉州讲经,听众甚多,结束时收获众多施舍,其中包括“金钱、银钱、口马无数”。僧人与寺院接受金、银之钱,只能用于购买物品,不可能用于其他用途。中文史料对金、银之钱在西域流通的记载,证明欧亚大陆广泛使用罗马(拜占庭)金币的事实,也证明科斯马斯的说法并非虚夸之词。

(作者:张绪山,单位:清华大学历史系)(本版文章均为国家社科基金重大项目“拜占庭历史与文化研究”【14ZDB061】的阶段性成果)

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