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《离骚序》“露才扬己”作者考辨

2017-08-14 05:22:52   中国青年网

《楚辞补注》载班固《离骚序》说屈原“露才扬己”,“谓之兼《诗》风雅,而与日月争光,过矣”。王逸《楚辞章句·离骚后叙》说:“孝章即位,深弘道艺,而班固、贾逵复以所见改易前疑,各作《离骚经章句》……而班固谓之露才扬己(洪兴祖补曰‘一作班、贾’)。”可知洪兴祖所见版本有“班、贾谓之露才扬己”。

考《离骚后叙》,王逸谓刘安《离骚传》为《离骚经章句》;引班、贾语与洪兴祖所录《离骚序》也不尽一致;且言“班固、贾逵复以所见改易前疑,各作《离骚经章句》……又以壮为状,义多乖异,事不要括”,到底是班固《离骚经章句》“以壮为状”,还是贾逵《离骚经章句》“以壮为状”,抑或是二人皆“以壮为状”,我们皆不得而知。班固、贾逵各有《离骚经章句》行世,王逸笼统谓“班、贾”,并没有确说为班固。由此推测,《楚辞章句》在流传中,后世或改《离骚后叙》“贾”为“固”,遂变“班、贾”为“班固”。而后人增补《离骚序》入《楚辞章句》时,遂依《离骚后叙》已被窜改的“班固以为露才扬己”而署名《离骚序》作者为班固。然而,此《离骚序》实为贾逵《离骚经章句》序,而另一篇《离骚赞序》则为班固《离骚经章句》序。据《隋志》,班固、贾逵《离骚经章句》唐前已佚,而其序尚存于《楚辞章句》,此易“贾”为“固”,遂成悬案,徒使后世聚讼纷纭。

宋代楚辞大家晁补之《离骚新序下》据《汉志》并举荀子和屈原语,对“露才扬己”说的作者提出质疑:“固又以谓原‘露才扬己,竞于危国群小之中’……固《汉书》称‘大儒孙卿亦离馋作赋,与原皆有古诗恻隐之义’。而此序乃专攻原不类,疑此或贾逵语,故王逸言‘班、贾以为露才扬己’,不专指班,然亦不可辨也。”可知晁氏所见版本“露才扬己”为统称班、贾,并不专指班固。不管晁补之与洪兴祖所见《楚辞章句》是否为同一版本,但可以肯定的是,两者所见《离骚后叙》皆有“班、贾”的客观存在,这为我们考察《离骚后叙》中洪兴祖补曰“一作班、贾”提供佐证,说明洪氏此语并非空穴来风。

班固《离骚赞序》与《离骚序》并见于《楚辞补注》。据《楚辞补注》目录后序“班孟坚二序,旧在《天问》《九叹》之后,今附于第一通之末”可知,洪兴祖改编了早已编入《楚辞章句》的所谓班固二序于《离骚》后。对两序进行对比,有助于我们认清问题。《离骚赞序》言“屈原以忠信见疑,忧愁幽思而作《离骚》……屈原痛君不明,信用群小,国将危亡,忠诚之情,怀不能已,故作《离骚》”。而《离骚序》则言“今若屈原,露才扬己,竞乎危国群小之间,以离谗贼。然责数怀王,怨恶椒、兰,愁神苦思,强非其人,忿怼不容,沉江而死,亦贬洁狂狷景行之士”。一称“忠信”,一称“露才扬己”;一以“君不明”责怀王,一以“责数怀王”指责屈原;一以“群小”藐怀王之宠臣,一以“怨恶椒、兰”责备屈原;一愍怀“忠诚之情,怀不能已”,一指责“亦贬洁狂狷景行之士”。两序何其矛盾!《离骚赞序》言“上陈尧、舜、禹、汤、文王之法,下言羿、浇、桀、纣之失,以风”。而《离骚序》则言“多称昆仑、冥婚宓妃虚无之语,皆非法度之政,经义所载”。一褒屈原讽谏得法,一斥屈原不合经义。两序又何其龃龉!《离骚赞序》对屈原为人为文多所称扬,而《离骚序》却激烈批评。若两序同为班固《离骚经章句》序文,如此矛盾重重的两篇序文同出一人同出一书,实在匪夷所思!显而易见,两序恐非一人所作。《离骚赞序》是班固《离骚经章句》的赞序,而《离骚序》为贾逵《离骚经章句》的序言。班、贾两书虽亡,而各书之序却赖《楚辞章句》得以保存。

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