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中国问题与马克思主义学术的中国化

2017-08-14 05:22:52   中国青年网

在新的历史条件下,我们正面临着构建中国特色哲学社会科学的重大任务,而当代中国的哲学社会科学又是以马克思主义为指导的。这就意味着中国的马克思主义理论界必须能够率先采取一个决定性的步骤,即迅速推进其学术的发展,并使这种学术大规模地中国化。马克思主义学术的中国化是以面向中国问题和把握中国现实为旨归的;唯当马克思主义学术得以真正中国化之际,它才能够以其独特的担当来积极推进中国特色哲学社会科学的构建进程。

毫无疑问,马克思主义包含一个关乎其理论本质的学术向度,因而其理论不仅具有广泛的学术领域,而且具有深湛的学术性质。 众所周知,马克思主义的创始人是兼具革命家和学者的双重品格的。恩格斯在谈到晚年马克思的工作时说,为了使关于地租的理论空前地完善,马克思在彻底地研究原始社会史的同时,还研究了俄国的和美国的土地关系、农艺学以及地质学等等——这对于马克思来说是很自然的,因为他总是试图通过批判地占有各种学术成果来严整地考察这样的事物。同样,列宁曾经说过,如果不读黑格尔的《逻辑学》,就无法真正读懂《资本论》。

然而,在这里尤需强调的是:马克思主义的学术以切中“社会现实”为根本宗旨。如果说,黑格尔通过对主观意识观点的持续批判,史无前例地将社会—历史的实体性内容引入到哲学之中,那么,马克思正是通过对黑格尔思辨辩证法的决定性纠正,才开辟出一条真正通达社会现实的道路。马克思学说的基础是唯物史观,而唯物史观无非意味着社会现实的真正发现。在这项发现被作出之前,整个近代哲学都遗忘并错失了“社会现实”的广大区域。既然社会现实的真正发现意味着马克思主义理论的决定性奠基,那么,马克思主义理论的学术方向就必然与社会现实保持最关根本、最为切近的联系。约言之,揭示社会现实的任务甚至可以说是马克思主义学术的生命线:在这一任务尚未出现或再度丧失的地方,就还根本谈不上真正的马克思主义学术。

由于种种原因,我们长期以来较为忽视马克思主义理论的学术方面;这种情形在最近的三十多年中有了很大的改观,我国的马克思主义理论界在学术方面取得了长足的进步,这一点无论如何是值得高度肯定的。但这方面的进步目前为止还主要局限在学术的形式方面,至于马克思主义学术的实质方面,即深入地揭示并把握社会现实这一点,似乎还未真正被提上议事日程。我们还更多地专注于文本、专注于思想史和理论逻辑等——这对于马克思主义的学术来说无疑是绝对必要的,但又是远远不够的。一个很明显的事实是:真正的中国问题还很少以学术的方式被提出、被解答,而中国的社会现实还几乎没有能够被揭示着前来同我们照面。造成这种学术上之形式偏向的原因,一方面是由于我国的马克思主义学术还处在特定的发展阶段,另一方面则是由于现代性意识形态对社会现实的强势掩盖。按照这种意识形态幻觉,似乎真正的学术是应当脱离社会现实的,而且正是由于这种脱离才显示其学术上的优越性。这种观点早已是时代错误了,有识见的当代思想家明白,任何一种学术——尤其是马克思主义学术——就其总体而言绝非如此。海德格尔在其晚期讨论班上说:“现今的哲学”只是跟在知性科学后面亦步亦趋,却完全不理解我们时代的两重独特的现实,即经济发展以及这种发展所需要的架构;而马克思主义懂得这双重的现实。与此相类似,雷蒙·阿隆对当时两位最著名的法国马克思主义哲学家提出批评说:萨特和阿尔图塞所提出的问题只是某种中学生的问题,恩格斯会将之称为康德式的问题,即马克思主义是如何成为可能的;他们从未用《资本论》的方法去真正研究过欧洲社会,尤其是法国社会。就马克思主义学术的根本在于把握社会现实这一点而言,雷蒙·阿隆的观点无疑是正确的。

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