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“黄宾虹热”与文人画积弊(艺坛走笔)

2017-08-13 04:16:55   中国青年网

中国画学发展的重要推动力之一是师古——摹前人笔墨,于古意中体悟艺术精神。师古而不泥古,是历代书画家研习传统的准绳。然而,在这条研习传统的路上,有太多的泥古不化,以至于造成了中国画陈陈相因的沉疴积弊。近代以来的“美术革命”和“中国画改良论”,正是基于这一积弊而提出的。在传承和弘扬中华优秀传统文化的当下,这个中国画学发展中的老问题,依然需要警醒。近些年的“黄宾虹热”,或许可以作为一个例证。

明清两朝,摹古之风日盛。明代文征明、沈周,清代“四王”等,受到当时社会的追捧,他们的画作成为人们摹仿的重要对象。但正如历史所呈现出的结果,在几代人几十年、百余年的学习、发展后,很多后人从文沈、“四王”中不仅没有返古开新,反而逐渐食古不化,成为文人画的积弊。关于这种积弊的特点,傅雷有相当精确的概括,即“不愿学”与“不能学”——“不愿学”是指满足于因袭守旧,以致笔墨与师造化的传统画学大幅退化;“不能学”则是因为古人画作真假优劣难辨、画论画道斑驳不清,致使向学者无所适从,乃至误入歧途。“不愿学”与“不能学”,固然有一部分原因是偷懒、不思上进等人性弱点所引起的,但对某一家、某一派过度追捧,则是文人画积弊的根本原因。黄宾虹对此有着深刻的体悟,即“爱之者千金不易,憎之者草菅不如,论知遇不论优劣,贪多与爱好,皆是学古之魔障”。所以,黄宾虹认为,清代人学王石谷的画大多不堪入目的原因,恰恰是因为“王石谷热”,导致后人不加鉴别地学王石谷,就连晚年走入歧途的画都学,那么,文人画流弊丛生也就无法避免。

“文征明热”“沈周热”“王石谷热”等等的形成,包括近些年的“黄宾虹热”,各有其缘由。傅雷于1943年为黄宾虹策展后,艺术市场首次关注到黄宾虹,但今天所谓的“黄宾虹热”,是其作古之后才形成的——在王中秀编辑《黄宾虹文集》、编撰《黄宾虹年谱》之后,黄宾虹的研究呈现快速发展的趋势。学术研究的推动,让市场开始追捧黄宾虹的画作,最终形成了“黄宾虹热”。在学术导引市场的作用下,黄宾虹从一个被友人“笑为迂阔”,以致“不敢向人轻说理论”的学者,逐渐成为20世纪中国画四大家之一,其地位更在今年年中的舆论热点下达到新高度——《黄山汤口》拍得惊人的3.45亿人民币。

事实上,黄宾虹生前极力反对炒作自己,他拒绝张大千门人的热捧,反对广东办展扩大影响,认为“街头烂熟,有何滋味”!然而,他不能阻止后世将自己的艺术捧成“黄宾虹热”,无法劝说人们冷静对待自己的画作。如此历史重演,何尝不是后人哀之而不鉴之,亦使后人而复哀后人也。

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