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重建“森林之王”的家园
2017-08-13 04:16:55 中国青年网
原始森林与湿地河流。李月安摄/光明图片
红外相机监拍到的野生东北豹。吉林省林业厅供图
国家一级保护动物紫貂。李军俊摄/光明图片
红外相机监拍到的野生东北虎。吉林省林业厅供图
长白山林海。李月安摄/光明图片
山林秋色。兰宏良摄/光明图片
编者按
7月19日,中央全面深化改革领导小组第三十七次会议审议通过了《建立国家公园体制总体方案》,标志着我国国家公园体制的正式建立又迈出了重要的一步。目前,我国已经批准建立了9个国家公园体制试点。这些分布在全国各地的试点是我国国家公园体制建设的先行先试者,其建设过程中体现着生态保护第一、国家代表性和全民公益性的理念。
东北虎和东北豹是我国具有代表性的珍稀动物,一度濒临灭绝。近年来,我国东北长白山区多次出现野生虎豹的踪迹,为了有效保护和恢复东北虎豹野生种群,我国批准建立了东北虎豹国家公园试点。本期《人文地理》版聚焦东北虎豹国家公园试点,走进这片“森林之王”的广袤家园。
东北虎是世界上现存的体型最大的猫科动物之一,目前全球现存的野生东北虎总数不足500只。东北豹又称远东豹,属于大型猫科动物,目前处在比东北虎更濒危的“极危”境地。东北虎豹处于森林生态系统食物链的顶端,对生态环境有很大的调控作用,其生存状况直接反映出一个地区的生态状况。让人欣喜的是,随着人们生态保护意识的加强和生态环境的不断改善,近年来,东北虎和东北豹在吉林省东部长白山区频频“亮相”。监测数据表明,至少有27只东北虎、42只东北豹在吉林省境内活动。而在1998年,这里只监测到野生东北虎4至6只,野生东北豹3至5只。
一只成年东北虎每年需要捕食大约50只大中型食草动物,而只有大中型食草动物种群达到500只左右,才能够每年产生50只的增长量。500只大中型食草动物种群每年需要消耗大量的植物食物资源,这需要一个庞大而健康的生态系统才能支撑。所以,只有保护好东北地区广袤的原始森林,才能使生态系统得到真正的修复,也才能给东北虎、东北豹提供繁衍生息的家园。
长白山被喻为“天然博物馆”和“物种基因库”,动物种类1200种左右,东北虎、东北豹、紫貂、黑熊、黄鼬、马鹿、野猪等在林间穿梭,黑鹳、金雕、三宝鸟等在天空飞翔。长白山还有着丰富的植物种类,古老植物种类红松、落叶松、长白松、紫杉、黄檗、春榆、岳桦等乔木树种成为北方森林的象征。
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