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探寻两极:帝王享国的时间秘密
2017-08-11 16:26:46 中国青年网
享国仅27天的海昏侯刘贺。
享国仅27天的海昏侯刘贺。
■黄 帅
在位榜单第一名长达75年
对逝去的光阴颇为敏感的文人,常有生命有涯,却壮志难酬的慨叹。被誉为“少有奇才,文章冠世”的陆机曾言,“逝矣经天日,悲哉带地川。寸阴无停晷,尺波岂徒旋”。他还讲过,“俛仰逝将过,倏忽几何间。慷慨亦焉诉,天道良自然”,常人尚且如此,那些登上权力巅峰的古代帝王,对享国时长的追逐则是更为敏感的。只是,中外历史上成千上万的帝王,又有多少人能登上在位时间“最长”的极限榜单呢?
神话传说时代的人物不能被当成信史,一些古籍里记载的夏朝之前人物的在位时长,不足为据,此处不表。夏商历史虽有存疑之处,但有些细节已经禁得起考古学的验证。从既有的材料上看,商王太戊有可能是中国历代帝王在位时间最长者,他保持的纪录是令人惊叹的75年。
太戊在历史上令人记忆最深的有两点:一个是超长的在位时间,一个是中兴商代的功绩。《尚书》里周公旦讲到:“昔在殷王中宗,严恭寅畏,天命自度,治民祗惧,不敢荒宁。肆中宗之享国七十有五年。”司马迁沿用了对“中宗”的记载,《史记·殷本纪》里明确地写道“殷复兴,诸侯归之,故称中宗”,但并没有提及太戊在位时间的问题。
是因为司马迁没看到相关史料吗?尽管《史记》的文学性和修辞性很强,但在具体的时间、地点、人名上,太史公却是出了名的严谨。宁可不写,也不把模棱两可的事写进去,尤其是周代之前传疑的历史,《史记》中相关内容甚少。因为古人写史书不像今人引用材料务必要注明来源,司马迁到底看了哪些已经湮灭的古文献(但基本可以肯定他不知道甲骨文的存在,否则《史记》里肯定会提到),后人不得而知,但他的记录应当是可信的。在安阳殷墟被挖掘前,历代对《殷本纪》里详细记录的商王世系多有怀疑,直到考古学证据让真相大白,甲骨文上的商王名称和世系与司马迁的记叙基本吻合。
耐人寻味的是,太戊长达75年的在位时间里,只有一件事被司马迁记录下来,而且,这只言片语里还包括一大部分伊陟的“剧情”。《殷本纪》上写道:“帝雍己崩,弟太戊立,是为帝太戊。帝太戊立伊陟为相。亳有祥桑谷共生于朝,一暮大拱。帝太戊惧,问伊陟。伊陟曰:臣闻妖不胜德,帝之政其有阙与?帝其修德。太戊从之,而祥桑枯死而去。伊陟赞言于巫咸。巫咸治王家有成,作咸艾,作太戊。帝太戊赞伊陟于庙,言弗臣,伊陟让,作原命。”
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