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齐如山与国剧档案

2017-08-12 14:53:14   中国青年网

齐如山的部分著作:《行头盔头》、《国剧身段谱》、《戏班》

齐如山的部分著作:《行头盔头》、《国剧身段谱》、《戏班》

细雨潇潇,信步缓行在北京南城虎坊桥地区的街巷之中,探访当年文人们的履痕,很有穿越感。这里真不愧是文化史迹的荟萃之地——站在十字路口,西南方是湖广会馆;西北方那栋三层楼是京华印书局和京报馆旧址;往东北方向行百余米,则是纪晓岚的“阅微草堂”旧址。据史料载,民国时期,这里曾一度作为国剧学会的所在地。

“国剧”即京剧。由于早年间学戏多靠口传身授,唱腔、身段、勾脸、行头,都是原样照搬,所以即便贵为国剧,京剧的历史沿革、剧本创编、脸谱考证等,也同样无人研究。上世纪30年代,市面上突然出现《京剧之变迁》、《国剧身段谱》、《国剧脸谱图解》一类的小册子,作者齐如山(1875-1962),是昆弋腔的发源地河北高阳县人。在他的家乡,三村五乡的昆弋班,排着队在村口街边的戏台子上演出,据说连狗叫唤时,都有高腔的韵味。而齐家又素有爱戏传统,不仅喜欢唱,还藏有不少南北曲本。如此环境,造就了齐如山的爱戏如命。

早年间,齐如山游历欧洲,接触过西洋戏剧,1912年回国后再看中国戏,觉得在内容、表演、舞台上都过于简单。有一次他看梅兰芳的《汾河湾》,发现薛仁贵在窑外大段演唱时,梅兰芳扮演的柳迎春面朝里坐在窑内,两个角色没有任何交流。这不对——戏剧要求演员绝不能在台上歇着。当晚,齐如山便给梅兰芳写了3000字的长信,提出改进设想。

梅兰芳按照齐如山的意见改戏后再演,很受欢迎。此后,凡是梅兰芳的戏,齐如山必看,看过必寄一信,如此竟写了百十来封。梅兰芳很珍惜齐如山的中肯意见,将信装裱成册,请人题签:“文书堆案正如山”。

不断帮助梅兰芳编戏、排戏,齐如山很自然地萌生了研究戏剧的想法。开始觉得极容易,但“真没想到,敢情这比研究什么学问都难”。尽管国剧已有七八百年历史,但既无前人研究,也无文字记载。

既然书中没有答案,齐如山便搜寻档案、遍访名家。他有一个理论,要想问一个专门的技术,就要问该行的好角儿;若要问戏剧界全部的事,那就各行都得问。平时他总随身带着小本子,与人闲聊或到名角儿家做客时,随手记下服饰、盔帽、勾脸、音乐等信息,回家后再誊写到本上。

1929年,齐如山协助梅兰芳赴美演出成功,回国后便与梅兰芳商量创立国剧学会,专事戏剧研究。1931年11月,借助于梅兰芳、余叔岩等名角出资及各方捐款,国剧学会在“阅微草堂”成立。

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