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【高谈阔论】删改《三字经》 不如批判性解读

2017-08-07 08:32:30   中国青年网

对于传承中国传统文化,国人早有“取其精华,去其糟粕”的不二共识,但何为精华,哪为糟粕,人们又该如何做到科学取舍,却不乏见仁见智的争议与解读。比如有人主张正视历史沿革,对国学经典中的所谓糟粕,施以批判性的解读与传承,也有人力主以外科手术方式剔除糟粕,或是以诠释现代理念的词汇取而代之。宗璞对《三字经》中纲常内容删改,就是后者的典型案例。

历史是讲究袭传与沿革的。传承中国传统文化也需要正视历史现实,尊重并理解其文化渊源与思维局限,切忌以当代理念强加于古人的霸王硬上弓。《三字经》作为流传甚广的国学经典,不仅早已成为中国妇孺皆知的启蒙读物,还传播至韩国和日本,近代更被译作英、法、俄等多种文字,甚至还被联合国教科文组织选入“儿童道德教育丛书”向全世界发行。从这个意义上说,《三字经》不仅是中国的,也是世界的。身为原产地的国人,我们有责任维护《三字经》的原始性、规范性与严肃性,岂能随心所欲地任由删改?

源自封建礼教的“纲常”伦理,的确不乏等级森严和刻板愚昧的不合理不平等之处,但具体到《三字经》,却并无“君为臣纲,父为子纲,夫为妻纲”的单方强势之意,而是为其定下了“君王与臣子的言行要合乎义理,父母子女之间相亲相爱,夫妻之间和顺相处”的行为准则。正如中国传媒大学文学院教授姚小鸥所说,《三字经》中“君臣义,父子亲,夫妇顺”几句是有来历的,并非哪位思想家心血来潮杜撰出来,也不是哪位统治者个人意志的体现,而是社会发展一定阶段社会组织形式的理论总结。

中国传统文化一向讲究不偏不倚的中庸之道,儒门纲常思想的本意也是要强调双方互有责任,即君仁臣忠、父慈子孝、夫义妇顺。只是后来被统治者利用和歪曲。“三纲”中的所谓“糟粕”,其实就是毫无原则和不辨是非的“愚忠”、“愚孝”和“夫权”。而这种不合理的愚昧性教化,并非只存在于宗璞所修改的寥寥数句,而是或轻或重地弥漫于整部作品,要改除非另起炉灶。而面目全非的修改则无疑有负“国学经典”名号,只能称之为“新编三字经”。

精华与糟粕并存是包括《弟子规》《三国》《水浒》等在内国学经典的共性,让孩子们适当接触些所谓“糟粕”,或有助于其了解传统文化来龙去脉,提升其对于历史文化的价值判断力。阅读国学经典,关键在于批判性的解读与引导,而并非硬性割去糟粕地玩洁癖。

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