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从“重农抑商”到“工商皆本”

2017-08-07 03:32:07   中国青年网

商业是社会不可或缺的一个行业,司马迁在《货殖列传》里引用《周书》说:“‘农不出则乏其食,工不出则乏其事,商不出则三宝绝,虞不出则财匮少’。财匮少而山泽不辟矣。此四者,民所衣食之原也。”就是说,一个社会必须有农、工、商、虞(即采集业)四个基本行业,它们都是人民生活的根本。但是在传统社会中,商业却被称为“末业”,农业则被称为“本业”。

即使是对商业比较宽容的汉文帝、汉景帝,也多次下诏强调:“农,天下之本”。明朝建立伊始,明太祖就说:“人皆言农桑衣食之本,然弃本逐末,鲜有救其弊者……朕思足食在于禁末作。”清代雍正皇帝告诫全国人民:“农为天下之本务,而工贾皆其末也”,并且要求各级官员“平日留心劝导,使民知本业之贵”。所以中国传统社会中的主流经济思想,就是以农为本,以商为末,“舍本逐末”是不允许的,因此要“重本抑末”。

然而,在任何时代,理念和实际操作都不一定同步,在实践中,不同的执政者也会有不同的取向。为了要保证“农本商末”,就必须“重农抑商”,重农是目的,抑商是手段。“春秋五霸”之首齐桓公的大臣管仲就说,“欲杀(抑制)商贾之民以益四郊之民(即农民)”。后来秦国的商鞅进一步发展了重农抑商的政策,将其变为系统的、全面的国策。他采取的手段有:禁止农民弃农经商;加重对商人家庭的赋税;增加交易税与酒、肉买卖的税率,减少商人赢利的空间;实行专卖制度,把最赚钱的买卖拿到国家手里;管制粮食贸易,提高粮食收购价格,不准商人贩运粮食,也不准农民买卖粮食等。秦始皇统一中国后,把重农抑商称为“上农除末”,推广到全国。

当然,在大多数时候,国家实行重农抑商,并不是要完全取消商业,而是要把商业抓到政府手里,变成政府控制的商业。重农抑商的思想和实践对中国历史有深远的影响。因此许多人认为中国自古以来都是重农抑商,一成不变。

实际上,重农抑商的思想和实践在漫长的历史中也在不断变化。在春秋后期和战国时期,各国为了竞争,采取各种方法来富国强兵,有的国家就鼓励商业。工商业者也逐渐摆脱了官府的控制,获得独立经营的机会,出现了陶朱、猗顿等大富商。

在汉朝的文帝和景帝统治时,奉行黄老之学,无为而治,因此出现了商业繁荣。司马迁描述说:“汉兴,海内为一,开关梁,弛山泽之禁,是以富商大贾周流天下,交易之物莫不通,得其所欲。”到了汉武帝当政后,厉行重农抑商,把所有赚钱的活动都抓到政府手中,导致商业走向了衰落。汉朝灭亡后,天灾人祸不断,政府愈加抑商,于是商业沦落到濒临消失的境地。

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