新闻
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170807/31044682.html
Server: cms-8-251
Date: 2024/11/06 03:46:31

Powered by China
China

从“重农抑商”到“工商皆本”

2017-08-07 03:32:07   中国青年网

商业是社会不可或缺的一个行业,司马迁在《货殖列传》里引用《周书》说:“‘农不出则乏其食,工不出则乏其事,商不出则三宝绝,虞不出则财匮少’。财匮少而山泽不辟矣。此四者,民所衣食之原也。”就是说,一个社会必须有农、工、商、虞(即采集业)四个基本行业,它们都是人民生活的根本。但是在传统社会中,商业却被称为“末业”,农业则被称为“本业”。

即使是对商业比较宽容的汉文帝、汉景帝,也多次下诏强调:“农,天下之本”。明朝建立伊始,明太祖就说:“人皆言农桑衣食之本,然弃本逐末,鲜有救其弊者……朕思足食在于禁末作。”清代雍正皇帝告诫全国人民:“农为天下之本务,而工贾皆其末也”,并且要求各级官员“平日留心劝导,使民知本业之贵”。所以中国传统社会中的主流经济思想,就是以农为本,以商为末,“舍本逐末”是不允许的,因此要“重本抑末”。

然而,在任何时代,理念和实际操作都不一定同步,在实践中,不同的执政者也会有不同的取向。为了要保证“农本商末”,就必须“重农抑商”,重农是目的,抑商是手段。“春秋五霸”之首齐桓公的大臣管仲就说,“欲杀(抑制)商贾之民以益四郊之民(即农民)”。后来秦国的商鞅进一步发展了重农抑商的政策,将其变为系统的、全面的国策。他采取的手段有:禁止农民弃农经商;加重对商人家庭的赋税;增加交易税与酒、肉买卖的税率,减少商人赢利的空间;实行专卖制度,把最赚钱的买卖拿到国家手里;管制粮食贸易,提高粮食收购价格,不准商人贩运粮食,也不准农民买卖粮食等。秦始皇统一中国后,把重农抑商称为“上农除末”,推广到全国。

当然,在大多数时候,国家实行重农抑商,并不是要完全取消商业,而是要把商业抓到政府手里,变成政府控制的商业。重农抑商的思想和实践对中国历史有深远的影响。因此许多人认为中国自古以来都是重农抑商,一成不变。

实际上,重农抑商的思想和实践在漫长的历史中也在不断变化。在春秋后期和战国时期,各国为了竞争,采取各种方法来富国强兵,有的国家就鼓励商业。工商业者也逐渐摆脱了官府的控制,获得独立经营的机会,出现了陶朱、猗顿等大富商。

在汉朝的文帝和景帝统治时,奉行黄老之学,无为而治,因此出现了商业繁荣。司马迁描述说:“汉兴,海内为一,开关梁,弛山泽之禁,是以富商大贾周流天下,交易之物莫不通,得其所欲。”到了汉武帝当政后,厉行重农抑商,把所有赚钱的活动都抓到政府手中,导致商业走向了衰落。汉朝灭亡后,天灾人祸不断,政府愈加抑商,于是商业沦落到濒临消失的境地。

上一页1/2下一页
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170807/31044682.html
Server: cms-8-251
Date: 2024/11/06 03:46:31

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170807/31044682.html
Server: cms-8-251
Date: 2024/11/06 03:46:31

Powered by China
China

相关阅读

404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170807/31044682.html
Server: cms-8-251
Date: 2024/11/06 03:46:31

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170807/31044682.html
Server: cms-8-251
Date: 2024/11/06 03:46:31

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170807/31044682.html
Server: cms-8-251
Date: 2024/11/06 03:46:31

Powered by China
China
分享到:
0 0
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170807/31044682.html
Server: cms-8-251
Date: 2024/11/06 03:46:31

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170807/31044682.html
Server: cms-8-251
Date: 2024/11/06 03:46:31

Powered by China
China

美图推荐

404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170807/31044682.html
Server: cms-8-251
Date: 2024/11/06 03:46:31

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170807/31044682.html
Server: cms-8-251
Date: 2024/11/06 03:46:31

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170807/31044682.html
Server: cms-8-251
Date: 2024/11/06 03:46:31

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170807/31044682.html
Server: cms-8-251
Date: 2024/11/06 03:46:31

Powered by China
China

为您推荐

加载更多>>
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170807/31044682.html
Server: cms-8-251
Date: 2024/11/06 03:46:31

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170807/31044682.html
Server: cms-8-251
Date: 2024/11/06 03:46:31

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170807/31044682.html
Server: cms-8-251
Date: 2024/11/06 03:46:31

Powered by China
China