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提升公众科学素养是减少“误解”的有效举措

2017-08-05 10:37:56   央广网

中科院盱眙凹土应用技术研发与产业化中心实验室,一名科研人员正在准备生物炭和凹土的混合材料,为实验做准备。新华社记者 金立旺摄

【相对论】

作为“NSC大本营”(《Nature》《Science》《Cell》三大顶级自然科学期刊)的重要国际学术期刊,《Cell》近日又添一篇来自中国四川农业大学的高水平学术论文。本来,面对这样的学术成就,公众更应聚焦于其意义和价值的讨论,但大家的注意力却被转移到了有关巨额科研奖励的多寡与是非上面。

为什么会出现这样的现象呢?我认为,这次公众的讨论,客观上能够帮助我们在未来工作中逐步澄清对科研过程的诸多“误解”。

首先,对科研本身存在的“误解”。众所周知,科学研究是探求反映自然、社会、思维等客观规律的一系列活动,任何科研的“结果”都是开启新的科研“过程”的一部分,从这个意义上看,科研过程远比科研结果重要。因此,我们应更重视科研“过程”,而不应将注意力仅仅局限于科研“成果”上。只有如此,才更能激发科学家探索客观规律的激情,才能走出以往只评价“结果”不讨论“过程”的误区。

其次,对科研经费的“误解”。科研经费是为推进科研顺利开展的必备条件,特别是大科学时代中的基础类研究,科研经费投入是巨量的、刚性的、持续的。科研经费一般包括“直接”和“间接”两类费用,前者如设备费、材料费、会议费等;后者如现有仪器设备及房屋,水、电、气、暖消耗,以及绩效支出等。因此,科研经费的核心要义是科研活动中必须支付的人力和物力成本,这些科研过程成本构成了社会成本的一部分,“科研经费”不能直接等同于“科研奖励”,为推动科技发展而付出劳动的科研工作者,获得的科研绩效即体现了社会对其的补偿或回报。

再次,对科研活动主体的“误解”。作为一种探索未知世界的活动,科研活动既有基于个体兴趣的“单打独斗”式个体,更有基于组织战略发展的“集团作战”式团队。从现代科学发展的趋势看,基于团队的科研组织形式已成为破解复杂问题的首选模式,小到企业级的科技研发组织,大到政府层面的国家科技战略层面均是如此。其中,领军人物科研活动中不可或缺的核心要素,因为他们具备科研视野的前瞻性、工作态度的执着性以及组织发展的先导性等诸多精神气质。所以,他们的价值必须得到社会的承认,只有如此,领军人物的核心价值与团队才能发生化学反应催生奋斗气势,才能激发科研的持续动力。

最后,对科研成果的“误解”。一般来说,科研成果大致可分为三种类型:一是表现为新发现、新学说的基础类理论成果,其载体形式一般为科学论文、科学著作或发明专利等;二是表现为新材料、新工艺等应用型科技成果,载体通常为新技术、新产品、新设备等;三是表现为教育教学或科技管理中所取得的一般性的理论、方法等软科学成果,载体通常为研究报告或政策文本等。由此可见,不同的科研领域有不同的成果表现形式和载体,或是理论性的或是实践性的;或是“硬”的或是“软”的,但无论哪种形式,都不能简单地以载体形式为唯一的价值衡量标准。

应该说,大家对这次重奖事件表现出的关注与争论,充分反映了公众对关涉民生的重大科研成果的热情期待与深切关注,但同时暴露出的对科研活动及其规律认识存在的偏差,将是我们未来逐步提升科学素养可以考虑的切入点。

(作者:杜宝贵,系东北大学文法学院教授)

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