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洪灾过后 农业生产自救攻略

2017-08-04 10:19:28   中国青年网

七月中旬以来,我省多次出现洪涝灾害,对农业生产造成了很大影响。农民朋友如何采取简单易行的办法将损失降低到最低呢?日前,本报记者就这个问题采访了相关专家。

在水灾发生后,凌凤楼到受灾地区踏查过。凌凤楼说,目前我省各地受灾情况不均衡,受灾地区的情况大致分为三种:一是山上的洪水瞬间把农田淹没,但洪水几个小时就退去。二是洪水把农田淹没,但洪水退去时间较慢,有的农田被淹没近一个星期。像永吉县万昌镇等地,靠近水库附近的农田基本上都被淹没,有的地方大水一天退去,稻苗露出来,有的地方被淹两三天,严重低洼处淹没一个星期,水还没有退下去。三是像长岭县等部分地区遭受了雹灾,冰雹把水稻秆打折,叶子打断,稻穗打散。

冷害灾害更要警惕

水灾过后,大家有一个明显的感觉,白天的气温没有前阶段那么炎热,晚上的温度可以说是凉风习习,有了深秋的感觉。凌凤楼说,从最近几天的情况看,与水灾相比,我省最严重灾害还是冷害灾害。晚上气温急剧下降,导致全省各地区都会受到不同程度的障碍性冷害,最为严重的有长春地区以及东部山区和半山区。水稻特别是一些栽秧晚的品种和晚熟品种,现在正在打苞期,如果遇到低于17℃的低温就会出现不育不结粒现象,严重情况下会导致大幅度减产,秋后还会影响到粮食的品质。

被水淹要抓紧排水施肥

凌凤楼说,水稻被淹没后因无氧产生窒息,同时,水中存有较多的农药,水稻从根部到叶部都会出现中毒现象,导致出穗畸形或者出穗败育。中毒严重的水稻被淹超过24小时后就会不出穗,或出穗以后不结粒,造成大幅度减产。这种情况,最主要的自救措施就是排水,尽量把水排掉,有条件的话把叶表面粘的泥土洗掉,同时,施一些12种元素的叶面肥。

大水退去之后,水稻的稻秆、植株都在淤泥里面,被淤泥固定住了,这样的情况下水稻不会再生长了,一般会导致绝收。

雹灾会导致轻微的减产。减少损失的方法与被大水淹没的情况相同,可以采取先把水排掉,再补充磷酸二氢钾叶面肥营养液的方法,让水稻迅速恢复过来,雹灾后稻秆不需要扶,也不需要梳理叶片。

抵御低温要深灌水

凌凤楼说,最近的低温对水稻影响严重,最低气温低于19℃会产生冷害现象,最低气温低于17℃会产生严重的冷害现象,如果低于14℃,持续时间两三天以上,在水稻的打苞期,出穗前的16天,会造成水稻严重不结实。根据目前的情况看,我省受灾地区水稻产量会不同程度减产。减少低温损害要深灌水,根据池埂的高度把水池灌满水,这是防止冷害的最好方法。灌水越深越好,让水来保温,提高植株生长的小环境温度,保证结实,减轻危害。第二个方法是施磷酸二氢钾叶面肥,提高植株自身的抵抗能力。磷肥是抵御低温最好的肥料,建议农民不要使用氮肥。

改种蔬菜减少损失

凌凤楼说,如果是水田遭遇重大灾害,一般会绝收,没有方法补救。但是旱田农民可以改种一些蔬菜,比如荞麦、白菜、萝卜、香菜、生菜、雪里红等,见效比较快,可以赶在秋收时挽回一些经济损失。

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