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蚕桑生产格局加速“东桑西移”

2017-09-15 07:01:41   中国经济网

近年来,全国范围内“东桑西移”的趋势越发明显,有关部门顺应蚕桑产业自然转移的趋势,从政策和资金上给予扶持,进一步推动了西部省区蚕桑产业的发展,西部主产区大力推广标准化生产技术,促进蚕茧产量稳定增加,“桑—茧—丝—绸”全产业链加速成型

在浙江省桐乡市,养蚕曾经是当地农民的重要收入来源。然而,随着城镇化水平提高,养蚕业面临后继乏力的问题。记者从当地农业部门了解到,今年桐乡春蚕发放蚕种同比减少10%,呈逐年下降趋势,由于单家独户养蚕收入低,现在很多村里只有老人在养蚕了。桐乡许多桑树种植基地也转移到了四川、云南等地。

与浙江一样,江苏省的蚕桑业也在逐年萎缩。“人工采叶、采茧费工费力,传统桑蚕生产机械化程度不足20%,已成为制约产业发展的一大瓶颈。”江苏省蚕种所副所长周成伟分析,与种植稻麦相比,养蚕季节性强,设备利用率低,市场小,而研发投入多,机械化程度长期上不去,是典型的土地和劳动密集型产业。

湖北省农科院经济作物所研究员胡兴明说,自20世纪90年代开始,在经济发达的省份,出现了蚕桑生产由发达地区向不发达地区转移的情况。广东省的蚕桑生产从珠三角的顺德、东莞等地向粤西、粤北山区和半山区转移,江苏省的蚕桑生产也从苏州、无锡地区转至长江以北的南通、盐城等地。但此时的蚕桑区域结构变化仅发生在省域范围内,并未影响到我国蚕桑生产格局。

近年来,全国范围内“东桑西移”的趋势越发明显。在江南传统蚕桑产区,随着工业化和城镇化进程的加快,土地成本和人工成本不断上涨,传统手工养殖模式下的“栽桑养蚕”不再吸引当地青壮年农民的热情。有关部门顺应蚕桑产业自然转移趋势,实施“东桑西移”工程,从政策和资金上给予扶持,进一步推动了西部省区蚕桑产业的发展。地处西部的广西、云南、四川蚕桑产业快速崛起,桑园规模居全国前三。

过去,广西蚕茧产量长期未能进入全国前五名。然而,最近10年间,广西蚕茧产业打破此前低水平徘徊的局面,实现了跨越式发展,10年间增长8倍以上,蚕茧产量约占全国的一半以上,生丝产量连续多年全国第一。目前,广西拥有国内集蚕业科研、推广、管理、生产于一体的省级综合性蚕业机构,重点蚕区县、乡、村也配备了专门的蚕业技术队伍。

伴随产业转移,西部主产区大力推广标准化生产技术,促进蚕茧产量稳定增加,一大批桑、蚕新品种和新技术得到推广。在广西的不少产区,蚕房里安装了水帘空调、升降机等设备。水帘空调可以将蚕房温度控制在22摄氏度,这是最适宜蚕生长的温度。蚕农们说,在标准化蚕房里,每年养蚕批次可以从12批增加到14批,收入提高近两成。

当前,春蚕生产、收购均已结束。从农业部调度情况看,今年桑园面积稳定,春茧产量略增,价格大幅上涨,综合效益提升,产业呈现良好发展局面。据统计,今年上半年桑园面积1247万亩,与上年基本持平。其中,广西、四川、云南等3省区面积较大,蚕桑生产布局继续保持“东桑西移”态势,“桑—茧—丝—绸”全产业链也在加速成型。

蚕桑产业横跨第一、第二产业,丝绸企业对此最敏感。“我们采取‘公司+基地+农户’的生产模式,目前年产600吨半成品白厂丝和6万多床蚕丝被。”广西一家丝绸企业负责人介绍说,公司的蚕桑基地规模已经从2009年的6万亩发展到今年的11万亩,产值是原来的3倍,丝绸制品远销印度、日本、越南等国家和地区。

受国内丝绸产品需求增长影响,今年蚕茧收购价格大幅上涨。据农业部统计,上半年全国春茧加权平均价格每斤22.43元,同比上涨22.9%。随着收购价格上涨,农民收入显著增加。同时,蚕桑综合利用发展迅速。桑果、桑果汁、桑叶茶、桑枝食用菌等多元化产品发展较快,产业综合效益显著提高。(经济日报记者 乔金亮)

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