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欧洲央行缩减量宽计划浮出水面

2017-09-13 04:41:22   中国经济网

综合多方面观察,欧洲央行内部已经开始考虑缩减量宽刺激规模,“后量宽时代”正逐渐浮出水面。欧洲央行行长德拉吉暗示,欧洲央行最快或将于10月份的会议上对量宽计划的未来“拍板”,具体政策变动有待于今年12月份以后亮相。

正如外界所料,欧洲央行一如既往地延续了政策谨慎姿态。日前,欧洲央行公布的利率决议显示,额度为600亿欧元的月度购债计划将维持不变,同时三大利率亦将保持此前水平。由于此次利率决议的内容较今年7月份的版本几无变化,欧洲市场对此反应有限。不过,综合多方面观察,欧洲央行内部已经开始考虑缩减量宽刺激规模,“后量宽时代”正逐渐浮出水面。

通过解读欧洲央行会议公报,今年12月份前后或许将是欧洲央行购债计划的“拐点期”。欧洲央行高层官员表述的具体内容也显得耐人寻味:欧洲央行行长德拉吉一方面称“将在必要时维持量宽计划至今年12月份之后,期间若欧元区金融状况或通胀水平不符合预期,量宽规模则仍有提高空间”。另一方面,德拉吉亦坦言,欧洲央行正对量宽实施前景开展“多种可能性的讨论”。德拉吉暗示,欧洲央行最快或将于10月份的会议上对量宽计划的未来“拍板”,具体政策变动有待于今年12月份以后亮相。

据欧洲当地媒体披露,欧洲央行执委会内部正在围绕四种不同的削减购债计划展开讨论,包括将月度资产购买规模缩减至当前水平的30%至60%,期限延长至明年年中或下半年。此外,欧洲央行的加息计划亦将与资产购买挂钩,即直到完全退出量宽后,再首次加息。

目前,欧洲央行可谓多方承压。一方面,连续施行的货币宽松政策不仅使其资产负债规模超过了美联储,还提高了可购买债券稀缺的风险。当前,德国等国的购债规模已经接近限额,量宽计划从技术层面上已经面临无债可购的尴尬局面。另一方面,随着欧洲一体化进程面临的政治风险明显下降,尤其是葡萄牙、西班牙等南欧国家经济已经出现加速复苏迹象,量宽计划为欧元区“保驾护航”的历史使命似乎不再明显。

不过,低通胀仍然是欧洲央行当前决策迟疑的关键原因之一。截至目前,欧元区经济复苏态势虽有缓慢走强之势,但平均通胀水平仍未达到欧洲央行此前设定的目标,即略接近2%。近期,欧元对国际主要货币汇率连续走高,不仅在一定程度上抑制了欧元区的通胀增长幅度,还可能拖累欧元区出口,并影响经济复苏。

让欧洲央行投鼠忌器的另一个重要原因则是欧元区的团结问题。2015年欧洲央行“力排众议”推出了量宽计划之后,招致了多个欧元区国家的猛烈抨击,至今德国、荷兰等欧元区“优等生”就此问题仍“喋喋不休”。不过,值得注意的是,由于近期德国大选临近,致力于打造一个团结欧洲的默克尔政府并未就欧洲央行本次决议发表过于激进的言论,德国央行行长魏德曼不仅闭口不提量宽对德国经济的泡沫效应,甚至劝德拉吉“观望后行事”,在仔细评估未来通胀路径后再作决定。

根据市场预期,欧洲央行或将于下一次政策会议,即今年10月26日宣布阶段性退出量宽计划。因此,德拉吉等欧洲央行高层或将继续维持谨慎、妥协的工作基调。(原文来源:经济日报 作者:陈 博)

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