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同业存单应回归流动性管理本源

2017-09-13 04:41:21   中国经济网

  □ 通过同业套利链条,银行不仅实现了表内到表外的转换,还可以提高收益率。但是,机构增加杠杆、资金多层嵌套甚至空转的现象也随之产生

  □ 对同业存单的监管不仅要关注套利衍生风险,也要对同业存单大规模到期对流动性的影响和冲击保持警惕

近期有关银行同业业务的两则新闻引人关注。

其一,据中金公司统计,2017年9月份同业存单到期规模将迎来一个小高峰。截至8月23日,9月份到期同业存单规模高达22392亿元,到期规模首次突破2万亿元。此前,单月到期规模最高为今年6月份的16315亿元。

其二,近日,中国人民银行发布公告,决定自2017年9月1日起,将同业存单的期限明确为不超过1年,此前已发行的1年期(不含)以上同业存单可继续存续至到期。

作为一种新型货币市场工具,同业存单充实了金融机构市场化的负债产品,丰富了金融投资品类,一定程度上优化了微观市场的投资结构,但也存在盲目扩张问题,而且同业存单绕道监管套利衍生出的风险也不容忽视。

同业存单套利的一种典型做法,就是将同业存单的资金用于购买同业理财。同业存单发行的增长部分来源于银行机构“发行同业存单—购买同业理财—委外投资”的资金流转链条。银行普遍先发行同业存单,接着购买同业理财,再以自营及委托投资等方式投往债市和股市等。如此一来,不仅实现了表内到表外的转换,还可以提高收益率。但是,机构增加杠杆、资金多层嵌套甚至空转的现象也随之产生。

4月份以来,银监会密集发布多个文件,强化银行业风险管控,促进银行业去杠杆,其中同业业务就是重点整肃对象。在此背景下,银行快速调整资产负债表结构,减少同业存单发行,从3月份的23974亿元,骤降至4月份、5月份的16654亿元、15907亿元,但在经历了4月份和5月份货币与监管政策“双紧”后,6月份银行又大量增发同业存单,增加至24238亿元,环比增长63%。

有观点认为,同业存单的到期,在某种程度上意味着存单发行人对接资产的流动性出现缺口,客观上可能引起市场流动性紧张,并且这种预期会影响当下资金面,使得当前资金价格整体上行。

因此,对同业存单的监管不仅要关注套利衍生风险,也要对同业存单大规模到期对流动性的影响和冲击保持警惕。在当前资金整体紧平衡的背景下,任何外部冲击对流动性的影响都可能被放大,时点性的资金紧张成为常态,市场对于流动性的担忧也是常态。

一般来说,前期发行的同业存单到期后,银行都会发行新的存单来“续命”。按照规律,9月份也会如此,在同业存单集中到期后,银行还是会滚动续发。在这种条件下,市场利率整体上会保持平稳,不会因为同业存单集中到期后续作而给同业存单的利率带来上行压力。

但是,对于个别银行来说,同业存单的到期压力依然不容小觑。如果有个别银行同业压力过大,比如30%的资金都来自于同业贷款的银行。这样的银行资金结构容易失衡,资产负债容易不匹配,会给未来的资产配置流动性带来很大压力。

因此,对同业存单监管,应以回归便利流动性管理,推动利率市场化为宗旨,防止系统性风险的发生。(原文来源:经济日报 作者:渤海银行 吴 青)

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