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“301调查”可倒逼我国企业更重视技术创新

2017-09-13 04:36:21   中国经济网

“301调查”犹如“胡萝卜+大棒”,“大棒”是特朗普政府为现阶段中美贸易格局下实现贸易平衡出招,“胡萝卜”则是未来将通过谈判达成双方的利益平衡。我国可以借此机会加强知识产权保护重要性的宣传教育,在保护国家利益不受侵害的前提下调整完善法律法规,倒逼企业更加重视技术创新

某外媒近日发文称,一份针对跨国公司对中国市场敞口的分析认为,若美国和中国爆发贸易战,直接影响将对中国更为不利。其理由是,美国和欧盟对中国的出口附加值分别相当于各自国家经济产出的0.7%和1.6%。相比之下,中国对美国的出口附加值几乎相当于其GDP的3%。

一旦中美爆发贸易战,两国经贸都会受到负面影响,这一点无可置疑。不过,上述外媒分析的最大偏差则在于用传统的观念解读当今的中美贸易博弈。其实,中美贸易已经不是量的竞争,而是质的抗衡,核心技术争夺才是焦点所在。日前,美国启动“301调查”,剑指技术转让、知识产权和创新等领域,就是个明证。

此次美国启动“301调查”,一个很重要的动机是防范中国技术弯道超车。美国之所以丝毫没有放松这方面的防范,是因为经过多年的发展,中美贸易已经到了从量到质较量的新阶段。

“301调查”犹如“胡萝卜+大棒”,“大棒”是特朗普政府为现阶段中美贸易格局下实现贸易平衡出招,“胡萝卜”则是未来将通过谈判达成双方的利益平衡。在启动调查的未来一年左右时间里,根据301条款规定,美国贸易代表首先将与外国政府协商,寻求贸易补偿或消除贸易壁垒,如果协商无法解决问题,美国可以发动单边制裁行动,如征收额外的关税、费用和限制进口。

其实,在中国加入世界贸易组织(WTO)之前,美国曾对中国发起多次“301调查”,最终都以签署双边协议收场;在中国加入WTO之后,仅在2010年美国贸易代表办公室应美国钢铁工人联合会的申请,对中国的新能源企业启动“301调查”,最终双方达成协议,中国修改相关的行业条规。总之,美国都未曾对华启动报复性措施,中国在某些方面拿出折中方案,但从当时中国出口情况来看,也并未对中国对外贸易产生负面影响。

“301调查”没有那么可怕,反而还是我们应当抓住的机会。因为它针对的不是某种产品,而是中国企业有没有知识产权侵权,中国的法律法规有没有强制要求美国企业在华投资附加技术转让等。所以,我国可以借此机会加强知识产权保护重要性的宣传教育,在保护国家利益不受侵害的前提下调整完善法律法规,还可以倒逼企业更加重视技术创新。这对于我国经济转型,建设创新型国家,实现技术创新上的赶超,都有十分重要的意义。

中国不仅是制造业大国,还是消费大国,中美双方谈判的空间很大。面对“301调查”,中国有多种反击手段。中国作为美国的第三大出口国,对美国进口量较大,2016年美国26%的波音飞机,22%的棉花,56%的大豆,30%的小汽车对中国出口,并且在飞机、大豆、集成电路等产品上对中国需求的依赖度尤其高。失去了中国这个巨大市场,美国的对外贸易无疑会受到重大影响。同时,中国还可以动用关税、反倾销调查等手段反制,美国相关行业可能会面临较大压力。再者,美国是中国最大的服务贸易赤字来源国。近10年间中国对美国服务贸易赤字大幅增长,2016年高达557亿美元。从美国对中国服务出口结构来看,金融、娱乐以及维修服务等领域均可能成为中国对美国实行贸易报复的对象。

中美经贸“合则两利,斗则俱伤”,相信中美双方能够通过对话和协商寻找解决问题的办法,中美经贸关系不会脱离互利共赢的轨道。(原文来源:经济日报 作者:廉 丹)

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