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经济日报:建立煤炭合理库存制度十分必要

2017-09-13 04:36:21   中国经济网

因为供需两端都存在现实制约,通过在煤炭生产、流通和消费各个环节探索建立合理的库存制度,确保全社会煤炭库存处于合理水平,对于保障煤炭供应,平抑煤炭价格的巨幅波动有积极意义。探索建立合理的库存制度,就是要在煤炭生产到消费的全过程建立起“蓄水池”,缩短调节煤炭供需的过程

最近,国家发展和改革委员会就探索建立煤炭合理库存制度向社会公开征求意见。根据方案,我国将按照不同环节、不同区域、不同企业、不同时段,科学确定煤炭最低库存和最高库存。对此,有人认为,在煤炭产能过剩仍然十分严重的背景下,强制要求生产和消费各环节确保存煤水平,是“有形的手”伸得太长。

从需求角度看,我国目前年煤炭消费规模约40亿吨,远小于产能规模,但呈现出明显的结构性特征,即每个季度的煤炭需求量波动明显,不同地区的煤炭需求差异较大。这种结构性波动经常导致迎峰度夏、迎峰度冬,以及遭遇个别极端天气时会出现供给紧张的“煤荒”问题。

在煤炭发展的“黄金十年”里,“煤荒”频频袭扰不仅直接导致了煤炭价格明显上涨,加大了下游用户特别是火电企业的成本压力,更在很大程度上释放了错误的市场供需信息,刺激许多煤炭企业加快产能扩张和释放的冲动,给煤炭产能严重过剩埋下隐患。

从供给角度看,尽管我国煤炭产能已经严重过剩,但受安全生产规程等因素影响,煤炭产能释放缺乏弹性,一旦市场供需形势发生急剧变化,煤炭企业很难通过加速产能释放,短时间内增加供给。而且,我国现有的煤炭产能中,也有不少产能包括个别先进产能属于违法违规产能,如果进一步加大打击力度,煤炭产能兴许没有外界想象得富余。假如把煤炭供给的宝押在“产能释放”上,反而会刺激煤炭企业加快产能扩张,也可能导致一些违法违规产能“混水摸鱼”。待到煤炭供需紧张的形势熬过去,市场极有可能重新陷入更严重的过剩泥潭之中。

正因为供需两端都存在现实制约,通过在煤炭生产、流通和消费各个环节探索建立合理的库存制度,确保全社会煤炭库存处于合理水平,对于保障煤炭供应,平抑煤炭价格的巨幅波动是有积极意义的。

经过改革开放近40年的发展,我国早已告别短缺经济时代,实现了由卖方市场向买方市场的转变,但在石油、天然气、食盐等重要领域仍然实行国家储备制度。煤炭作为我国基础能源和重要原材料,保存一定的储备规模也十分必要。

探索建立合理的库存制度,就是要在煤炭生产到消费的全过程建立起“蓄水池”,缩短调节煤炭供需的过程。国家发展改革委征求意见稿中提出的最高和最低库存水平,也是各个环节维持正常生产经营活动所需保持的合理库存水平。这一标准设置,有利于提高各环节市场主体及时补库存的积极性,也能有效避免大幅增加企业库存成本。

当然,从更长远角度看,要有效地应对煤炭需求的结构性波动,还必须把充分发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用和更好地发挥政府作用结合起来,积极构建煤炭生产调峰制度,推动煤炭产能的有序释放,增强煤炭供给弹性。同时,尽快理顺上下游供需关系,切实解决诸如煤电顶牛背后的体制机制问题,解决好煤炭生产、流通、消费等环节存在的梗阻问题,极力避免发生由于各方利益纠葛而引发的供需紧张。(原文来源:经济日报 作者:林子文)

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