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内蒙古库布其沙漠整体治理记事:从“死亡之海”变“经济绿洲”

2017-09-12 06:56:21   中国经济网

30年来,在各级政府和沙区企业、百姓的共同努力下,库布其沙漠成为世界上唯一被整体治理的沙漠。目前,库布其沙漠治理面积达到900多万亩,沙漠的森林覆盖率由2002年的0.8%增加到2016年的15.7%;植被覆盖度由2002年16.2%增加到2016年的53%,累计带动沙区10.2万名群众彻底摆脱了贫困。

科学治沙显神通

针对区域荒漠化环状分布特点,鄂尔多斯市探索出可持续的“一核三环”库布其沙漠生态圈模式,同时加大科技推广应用力度,优化防沙治沙技术模式

“南围、北堵、中切隔。向库布其沙漠进军,同样需要化整为零、逐个击破。”鄂尔多斯市林业局局长韩玉飞的演讲,激起了《联合国防治荒漠化公约》第十三次缔约方大会与会者的兴趣。

针对区域荒漠化环状分布的特殊规律性,依据降水西低东高的分布特点,鄂尔多斯市围绕沙漠核心区构建灌丛—灌草—乔灌草三环植被圈,实施禁牧—休牧—轮牧与农牧人口城镇化保护措施,衍生大漠旅游、生态光伏、生物高值利用等生态产业链,形成可持续的“一核三环”库布其沙漠生态圈模式。

从七星湖出发,沿穿沙公路行驶约半个小时,便进入了库布其沙漠腹地。这里有着出人意料的景观:64万块生态光伏电板整齐排放,一眼望去不见尽头。电板之下,几十只绵羊正在齐膝深的牧草中怡然进食。这个太阳能农场就是亿利资源集团建设的沙漠生态循环产业园。而这种“混搭风格”被专家们称为“种草、养殖、发电、治沙、扶贫”复合生态太阳能治沙扶贫新模式。亿利资源集团库布其生态事业部首席科学家韩美飞谈起他对治沙的理解:“治沙不是消灭沙漠,沙漠和河流、冰川、海洋一样,都是自然之子。沿着钱学森先生指出的‘多用光、少用水,新技术、高效益’路径,就能达到人沙和谐的新境界。”

针对干旱、多风、少雨的实际,鄂尔多斯加大科技推广应用力度,提倡利用机械化造林专业队伍和现有大中型植树机械等造林绿化资源,优化防沙治沙技术模式,全面提高造林绿化科技水平。在技术措施上,以提高造林成活率、保存率为中心,筛选、配套了一批先进的科技成果和适用技术,大坑整地、覆膜造林等抗旱造林系列技术得到广泛推广应用。依托国家973项目,启动实施5大类型区生态监测项目,探索研究不同立地条件、不同树种和不同密度下,以水调控生态的可持续发展模式,提升沙漠化科学防治水平。

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