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法官剖析民间借贷纠纷新特点

2017-09-06 08:45:45   中国青年网

新疆维吾尔自治区乌鲁木齐市市民李某和刘某因为借贷纠纷走上法庭,而涉案的10万元金额,仅是乌鲁木齐市水磨沟区人民法院今年上半年受理的民间借贷案件标的总额逾2亿元中的一小部分。

记者近日从乌市水区法院获悉,根据统计数据以及对案件分析显示,目前,民间借贷类案件数量大幅增加,涉案金额剧增,已从“小众”类案件变为“大众”类案件。

乌市水区法院新闻发言人张熠说,据统计,该院2014年受理民间借贷类案件207件,结案标的额为39765875.57元;2015年受理362件,结案标的额为184290964.28元;2016年受理380件,结案标的264517863.2元。2017年截至7月底已受理297件,标的已达2亿余元。上述民间借贷类案件,包括自然人与自然人之间的借贷,也包含自然人与金融机构之间的借款合同纠纷。民间借贷类案件数量呈逐年上升的趋势,且增长幅度大,涉案金额更是剧增。

借贷手续不规范增加审理难度

乌市水区法院民一庭庭长刘世东说,法官审理此类案件发现,民间借贷类案件这几年来呈现出新特点:首先是借贷手续不规范,虽然借贷双方有文字性质的证据,但文字表述往往过于简单,文义含糊,存在歧义。目前,随着信息化技术的不断推广,资金流转愈发便捷,网上银行、支付宝、微信都有支付功能,这些案件从无到有,以每年增长20%的趋势猛增,但是原被告对款项往来的用途、目的说法不一,造成法院对案件基本事实无法查清;其次,约定的担保名存实亡,有的案件,当事人会以房屋做抵押,约定借款到期不还,抵押的房屋归出借人所有,并把房产证原件也交予出借人。债权人认为,债务人的房子抵押了,房产证也在,认为不会出现不还款的意外。孰不知,这样的约定是无效的。房屋类不动产没有办理抵押登记,根本无法实现抵押权;还有的由第三方提供担保,但往往没有签订担保合同,在借款合同中对担保的期限、承担责任的形式、担保的数额均不做约定,导致在诉讼过程中,对于担保责任难以认定。也有部分案件对担保的相关事项约定的比较明确,但是债权人对担保法等相关法律及司法解释的规定不清楚,导致诉讼时过了对担保人的追诉期限,造成担保没能发挥保证债务实现的作用。

刘世东说,还有将利息计入本金收取高息。法官在审理中发现,民间借贷中的“计复利”是导致贷款额急剧膨胀的计利方法。把一定时间段内产生的利息计入本金,再出具借条,以增大本金数额;有的在借据约定了利息,但对方若不按期归还借款,形成所谓的“违约金”,便把已产生的利息加入未归还的本金,重新更换借条,依次类推,谋取高利;有的直接把利息写明在借据里。另外,原告以夫妻一方出具的借条将夫妻双方共同起诉至法院,要求夫妻双方共同承担债务,法庭审理过程中另一方往往抗辩对借款不知情。根据婚姻法的相关司法解释,债权人就婚姻关系存续期间夫妻一方以个人名义所负债务主张权利的,应当按夫妻共同债务处理。但夫妻一方能够证明债权人与债务人明确约定为个人债务,或者能够证明属于婚姻法第十九条第三款规定情形的除外。

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