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首例人体冷冻引争议 “冷冻人”法律身份如何界定?

2017-08-21 07:56:59   中国经济网

2017年5月8日,山东济南的展女士在病床上停止了心跳和呼吸,医生宣布其临床死亡,但是这一次,却不能说她“永远离开了”。因为几分钟后,山东银丰生命科学研究院的工作人员对展女士实施了一场长达55个小时的手术——人体冷冻,展女士以头朝下的姿态沉睡在零下196度的极低温液氮罐内。

这是我国首例人体冷冻实施案例,展女士真的能“死而复生”吗?如今的展女士在法律上到底是什么身份?这样一场举世瞩目的手术究竟是噱头,还是人类发展的又一里程碑?喧嚣背后,许多法律和伦理上的问题值得深思。

问题01

人体冷冻:被冷冻的人到底是活着还是已死亡?

为抓紧时间保持人体组织器官的活性,避免细胞凋亡,人体冷冻相关的灌流及降温手术必须在展女士被宣告“临床死亡”(即呼吸和心跳停止)后进行的,此时她的器官仍在进行代谢活动,大脑活动也还在进行。那么被冷冻的展女士在法律上到底是活着还是已经死亡?被冷冻的究竟是病体还是遗体?这个问题的答案将直接关系到她的丈夫能否再婚,她能否参与家庭财产分配等问题。

西南政法大学民商法学院教授曹兴权表示人体低温保存究竟是属于医疗方案范畴还是定性为死亡后的遗体处置范畴,目前是存在争议的。“我认为,从主体大脑未死亡,以及未来存在救治希望的角度看,人体低温保存术应属救治范畴。”

江西财经大学法学院副院长周维德则认为在这种低温保存状态下,被保存的人类似于处于无民事行为能力的植物人,其法律上的权利和义务或可以参照现有的监护制度解决。

此前媒体报道中并未提及医院是否对展女士开具死亡证明,而死亡证明正是判定死者死亡性质的基本法律依据。对此,周维德直言不讳地说:“如果未能得出死亡判断,那么对处于冷冻状态下的人体处置,就不能视之为对遗体的处置。这种情况下,处置被保存人的躯体,可能面临故意杀人的法律风险。”

据了解,我国医学和法律目前以呼吸、心跳停止为判定死亡的标准,脑死亡还没有引入临床或司法实践。因此按照现行法律标准来看,展女士应该被认定为死亡。广州医科大学卫生管理学院法学系副教授龚波就认为:“这起中国首例‘人体冷冻案’,只是一个关于遗体捐献用于医学研究的案例。”

问题02

冷冻人“死而复生”:法律身份如何确认?

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