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首例人体冷冻给法律出了难题

2017-08-21 07:56:59   中国经济网

医学技术发展带来的法律问题恐怕也会经历这样一个解决的过程,这个过程必然会是一个法学理论突破的过程

这两天中国首例人体冷冻的新闻火了,人体冷冻是否真的能为生命按下“暂停键”被大家津津乐道。虽然一些专家对这个问题表现得并不乐观,但这并不影响大家讨论的热情。的确,生命是一个神奇的存在,我们相信科学,但也永远不会放弃梦想。

笔者小时候看过一部美国电影叫《科学怪人》。相信那部电影让很多人第一次意识到,科技发展与人类伦理道德之间的激烈冲突。但是随着社会的进步,我们也深刻地意识到,科技的发展固然会引发诸多社会伦理之争,但又何尝不是对我们现行法律体系的挑战呢?比如说克隆技术虽然已经成功多年,但我们始终无法正面回答它所带来的伦理和法律问题。

同样的,中国首例“冷冻人”也会引发很多有趣的“法律现象”。这里不是说“冷冻人”就必然会带来我们下面要说的法律问题,只是我们也抱着一种“科学幻想”的心态去猜测一下,这种医学技术的突破会给现行法律出哪些难题?又如何会引发法学理论的“地震”?

“冷冻人”究竟是有生命的还是没有生命的呢?这可能是所有相关法律问题的出发点和终结点。我们知道,根据法律规定,一个人主要的民事权利始于出生终于死亡。当然,不久前正式实施的民法总则把继承权扩大到了胎儿,但这不是本文讨论的重点。我们只是想说,一个人的民事权利与生命密切相关。

那么,“冷冻人”有没有生命呢?法律规定,判断一个人死亡的标准是脑死亡,而相关的新闻报道似乎有意无意地回避了这个问题,只是说当事人展女士呼吸心跳停止。也许对很多人来说,这个问题确实很难回答,冷冻的目的是期望有一天她可以“复活”,如果她已经死了,又怎么可能复活呢?这的确是一个无法说明白的悖论。如果她已死了,按照法律规定她的很多民事权利自然就会终结,比如财产权会随之发生继承转移等,婚姻关系也会终结。如果她没死或者说能够复活,那这一切的民事权利是恢复还是再启动呢?

当然,这些可能并不是最重要的,最重要的是“冷冻人”的保存。这种保存按道理应该与研究机构签订合同,可是怎么签呢?这又回到了问题的起点,“冷冻人”是活人还是遗体?有专家说,人体冷冻其实就是遗体保存。如果是这样的话,问题就简单了。关于遗体保存我国有相关的法律规定,遗体虽然是“物”,却是一种特殊的“物”,法律也赋予其相关的权利,比如盗窃、侮辱尸体是要承担刑事责任的。

但“冷冻人”又不一样了,专家说是遗体,但很多人更看好其“复活”的结果。那这又有一个有趣的法律问题。如果“冷冻人”是有生命的人的话,那保存机构如果因保存不当出现问题,是否可能涉嫌刑事犯罪呢?而反过来说,如果“冷冻人”是遗体,那保存机构出现过失的话,可能只需要承担民事责任。这两者之间的区别可就太大了。

科技进步必将挑战伦理、挑战法律,这已经是所有人的共识了。就像互联网的出现让法律措手不及一样,互联网曾经是一块法外之地,很多与互联网有关的民事纠纷和刑事犯罪都曾经让司法机关无所适从,但好在我们很快走出了那个互联网“无法无天”的时代。对司法机关来说,网络犯罪虽然不能说是传统犯罪,但也绝不再是新型犯罪了。这个过程是一个互联网出题、法律答题的过程,题做多了也就没什么新鲜的了。

那么,医学技术发展带来的法律问题恐怕也会经历这样一个解决的过程,这个过程必然会是一个法学理论突破的过程。

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