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讲好中国传统故事

2017-08-04 12:12:01   中国青年网

叙事是中国古典史学的传统之一,史书作者通过客观地叙述史实来体现主观的评价,在叙事的过程中,把自己对人物、事件的态度表现出来,即“寓论断于叙事之中”。作为一部由专业历史学家书写的大众历史读本,“2016中国好书”《资治通鉴与家国兴衰》很好地实现了对《资治通鉴》鲜活但有深意的阐释和解读。

《资治通鉴》是传统史学的经典之作,但是由于卷帙浩繁,不易阅读,南宋时就有袁枢的《通鉴纪事本末》对其进行以事件为中心的再提炼。如今一般读者除了同样要面对袁枢的问题之外,还因文言文与白话文的区别,更难以全篇阅读,所以对《资治通鉴》的通俗化解读可以使这部经典更加广泛地为大众所认知,对于传统文化的普及而言很有必要。

对于司马光的叙事手法,作者张国刚给予了充分理解和重视,认为“《资治通鉴》的这种叙事,虽然也有‘臣光曰’之类的直接点评,但是它最有价值的部分,其实就是从具体事情上记述和探究王朝的兴衰”。正是基于这样的理解,本书将叙事的主线和司马光的写作目的相统一,着重阐释与家国兴衰有关的历史大事,关注与王朝兴替有密切联系的历史人物,在具体细节和“小事”的叙述背后,探讨的均是严肃宏观的历史命题。比如讲述曹丕如何对待鲍勋和曹洪,其实是借以说明曹丕为人的气量、格局与曹魏短命的关系;描述隋末群雄混战时李渊和李密之间的交往细节,则是为了分析李渊成功、李密失败的最终原因,凡此种种,都是作者在深刻体会《资治通鉴》本身的叙事手法的基础上,对经典的现代阐释。

作者在讲述王朝兴衰的过程中,对于一些制度问题进行了深入的探讨:西晋的八王之乱就与西晋初年分封同姓王、建立权力甚大的诸侯国有密切关系;北魏孝文帝进行了系统、彻底的促进胡汉融合的改革,包括三长制、均田制等,为之后隋王朝再次统一奠定了基础;唐玄宗时期虽然开创了开元盛世,但不能在制度创新中向前迈进,危机因此潜伏下来,最终导致安史之乱的爆发。得益于多年制度史研究心得,作者在谈及这些问题时深入浅出,夹叙夹议,在写作手法上与《资治通鉴》本身叙事和“臣光曰”的评论互相呼应有异曲同工之妙,亦加深了读者对于中国历史发展进程的认识。

史学家优秀的叙事本领是史学作品能成为经典的重要原因之一,《史记》《资治通鉴》的经久不衰,都与其精湛的叙事密不可分。把握、理解这种传统叙事手法并通过现代叙事方式重构和传递,讲好中国传统故事,赋予新的历史观念,应是现代史学家除了专业研究之外的另一项任务。毕竟,史料本身不会说话,只有依靠史学家娴熟的叙事和高超的史识,历史方可展现其内涵与意义,释放出与时代相关的精神价值,也只有依靠与读史者生活在同一时空中的史学家的解读,历史才能真正与当代人“相遇”。真正讲好中国传统故事,实际上与讲好中国当代故事一样,背后最终传递出的是现代中国的价值观和世界观。作为一本面向大众的读本,本书给读者带来了引人入胜的故事,也表达出当代学者对经典著作和传统文化的理解,值得我们细细阅读与品味。(赵璐璐)

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