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国际观察:各方重压能否阻止伊拉克分裂

2017-09-16 16:11:40   新华网

长期以来,库区和中央政府关系紧张,双方在基尔库克、尼尼微、迪亚拉和萨拉赫丁等多个省份的管辖权上有分歧。

伊拉克境内的库尔德人于上世纪70年代获得自治权,但直到海湾战争后才在埃尔比勒、苏莱曼尼亚和杜胡克三省建立自治区。同时,库区一直将其他一些地区视为库尔德人的固有土地。

2003年伊拉克战争期间,库区武装占领原属中央政府管辖的基尔库克等多个省份的大片地区。战后,伊中央政府无力进入库尔德人控制区,“争议地区”问题随即产生。2014年,极端组织“伊斯兰国”在伊北部肆虐,库区在打击“伊斯兰国”过程中进一步扩大了自己的地盘。

由于涉及土地归属,“争议地区”问题极为敏感,解决难度很大,是伊中央政府和库区间最主要的分歧之一。

在库区宣布公投日期后,双方在“争议地区”问题上的博弈便迅速展开。8月29日,基尔库克省议会通过议案,同意该省参加库区独立公投。9月12日和13日,迪亚拉省和萨拉赫丁省议会则分别通过议案,禁止两省行政范围内的“争议地区”参加库区独立公投。

9月14日,伊拉克国民议会宣布罢免支持公投的基尔库克省省长纳杰姆丁·卡里姆,中央政府和库区紧张关系升级。库区主席巴尔扎尼回应说:“罢免卡里姆终结了(库区)和巴格达的伙伴关系……国民议会的决议切断了谈判道路。”卡里姆本人则表示,国民议会无权罢免他。

分析人士认为,由于中央政府和库区在“争议地区”特别是基尔库克省的归属问题上均不退让,如库区坚持在这些地区举行公投,不排除发生冲突的可能。

  外部压力巨大

库区独立公投也遭到土耳其、伊朗等周边国家的强烈反对。分析人士指出,土耳其与伊朗都担心伊拉克库尔德人谋求独立的举措可能在本国产生连锁反应,为本国境内的库尔德人带来示范效应,危及它们的国家安全和领土完整。

15日,土耳其总统埃尔多安再次就库区公投问题做出表态,称巴尔扎尼拒绝推迟公投是“非常错误的”,土耳其反对任何危害伊拉克领土完整的行动。

此外,长期支持库尔德人的美国也对公投一事持有异议。美国方面此前明确表态,支持伊拉克统一,希望库区推迟公投。分析人士指出,美国担心库区强行推动独立公投会转移对打击“伊斯兰国”等更紧要问题的注意力。

14日,由美国、英国和联合国高级官员组成的代表团向巴尔扎尼提出一个公投替代方案。但巴尔扎尼15日再次表示反对推迟公投。

15日晚库区议会批准举行公投后,美国白宫在一份声明中说:“在争议地区举行公投是极具挑衅性、危害稳定的(行为)。因而,我们呼吁库区政府取消公投,同巴格达展开严肃、持续的对话。”

分析人士认为,目前距离预定的公投日期不足10天,而库区面临内部分歧、中央政府和邻国的强烈反对,以及美国的压力,公投最终能否如期举行仍存变数。

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